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2 Background and History 2.1 Introduction This chapter presents a survey of past CO2 power cycle investigations. At the outset the supercritical CO2 working fluid cycle is compared to ideal gas Brayton cycles. The most important differences introduced by real gas behavior are the reduced compression work and the recuperator pinch-point problem. After the introduction of these two important phenomena the focus will shift to the history of the supercritical CO2 power cycle in general. The review starts with the very first proposals dating back to the 1940’s continuing through the 1960’s and 1970’s when the CO2 power cycle was actively investigated. Finally, the revival of interest in the power cycle in the late 1990’s will be summarized. 2.2 Supercritical CO2 Cycle – Characteristics and Variations In the temperature range of interest CO2 is not an ideal gas. This is caused by the fact that the critical point of CO2 is 7.38 MPa and 30.98oC. The behavior of a gas near its critical point is very sensitive to pressure and temperature. Fluid properties are significantly affected. Therefore, unlike for an ideal gas, cycle operating conditions have a strong effect on cycle performance. Figure 2.1 shows the layout of the simplest version of a Brayton cycle. With supercritical CO2 the main mechanism of improving cycle efficiency is the reduction of compressor work by performing the compression process close to the critical point. To understand the effect, first consider turbine work. Figure 2.2 shows the turbine work for different turbine inlet pressures and turbine pressure ratios for turbine efficiency of 90% and turbine inlet temperature of 550oC. As can be seen from Figure 2.2 the turbine work is almost independent of operating pressure. Its value is determined mainly by the pressure ratio. For an ideal gas, as pressure ratio increases the turbine work increases, but the increment becomes smaller 9PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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