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turbine output is high. The reduction of the compressor work comes from the low compressibility of CO2 near the critical point. The density change for different pressures is not very high and thus the compression work is reduced. This is the main reason why supercritical CO2 cycles achieve an advantage over the ideal gas Brayton cycle, where the gas exhibits the same trends in both turbine and compressor. Unfortunately, the reduction of the compressor work is only one of the effects caused by the non-ideal properties. The specific heat, which affects recuperator design in particular, also varies widely. It is known [Feher, 1967], that for certain cycle operating conditions a pinch-point exists in the recuperator. The pinch-point is the location in the recuperator with the lowest – in the limit zero – temperature difference. Due to the radical temperature and pressure dependence of specific heat, the temperature difference between the hot and the cold fluid varies widely within the recuperator. Thus, even for the single-phase state of the CO2 working fluid the minimum value of the temperature difference is not always achieved at the recuperator inlet or outlet, but sometimes somewhere along the recuperator. An overly simple analysis of the cycle based only on identifying component end state points would not reveal this behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the local temperature difference throughout the recuperator, and the minimum temperature difference encountered is an important parameter in cycle evaluation. For an ideal gas such as helium, the design of the recuperator is not complex since the recuperator temperature difference is almost constant and depends only on the temperatures and pressure ratio at which the cycle operates. In the case of CO2 the operating pressure is important as it affects the temperature difference in the recuperator and the resulting regenerated heat, which affects the cycle efficiency and the size of the recuperator. For these reasons it is necessary to investigate the behavior of the cycle over a wide range of possible operating pressures in order to find the optimum for cycle design [Dostal et al., 2002]. In order to demonstrate the pinch-point behavior a simple analysis was carried out. The component characteristics such as pressure drops and turbomachinery efficiencies were kept constant as well as the maximum and minimum cycle temperatures and the operating pressure and pressure ratios were varied. The minimum temperature difference 12PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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