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it operates entirely or partly above the critical pressure since in our case both situations may occur. The supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) Brayton cycle has a very long history. The oldest reference found is from 1948, when Sulzer Bros patented a partial condensation CO2 Brayton cycle [Sulzer Patent, 1948]. The advantage of CO2 fluid was quickly realized and investigation of supercritical CO2 cycles was carried on in many countries: by Gokhstein and Verhivker in the Soviet Union [Gokhstein and Verhivker, 1969], [Gokhstein, 1971], Angelino in Italy [Angelino, 1968], [Angelino, 1969], Feher in the United states [Feher, 1967], Sulzer Brown – Boveri in Switzerland [Strub and Frieder, 1970] are the most important among many others. The following sections discuss their contributions to supercritical CO2 cycle evaluation and development in more detail. 2.3.1 Feher’s Cycle In the United States a cycle employing CO2 was proposed in 1967 by Ernest G. Feher [Feher, 1967] as a follow-up on his earlier report on supercritical cycles in general [Feher, 1962]. He proposed a power cycle that operates entirely above the critical pressure of CO2, is regenerative, and the compression is performed in the liquid phase. He postulated that an engine based on this cycle would be very compact and can be used for electric power generation (terrestrial or space) or to produce shaft power for propulsion. His paper very transparently illustrates the pinch-point problem using the enthalpy temperature diagram. As shown in Figure 2.7 for two constant pressure lines, if the same enthalpy increments are taken the temperature increments are different. This ultimately causes the pinch-point problem as described in the preceding section. The original Feher cycle operated between 700oC and 20oC with a pump inlet pressure of 13.8 MPa. His results show the small dependence of cycle efficiency on the pressure ratio once the pressure ratio of 2 is exceeded. It is important to point out that he kept the pump inlet pressure constant. Therefore, he failed to determine whether an optimum pump inlet pressure exists. An investigation of optimum operating pressures was performed in [Dostal et al., 2002] and the findings are used later in this work. The 16PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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