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An important fact that Angelino recognizes is that full advantage of the beneficial reduction of specific volume (low compressor work) and minimization of the penalty of the detrimental effect of differences in heat capacity (pinch-point problem) must be realized in order to achieve high efficiency. This ultimately results in more complex cycle layouts, such as recompression and pre-compression recompression cycles. Among the important technical aspects he mentioned is the 5 to 10 times smaller expansion work than in the case of advanced steam cycles. This results in a much lower number of stages than for steam turbines. The radial dimensions of turbomachinery are a strong function of the volumetric flow rate; the exhaust volumetric flow rate is of main importance. Exhaust flow per unit power is 30 to 150 times less than that of steam. As a consequence the radial dimensions of CO2 turbines can be extremely small even for very high power ratings. The most promising cycle layouts are the re-compression cycle and the re- compression cycle with pre-compression. The later is especially beneficial when used at medium pressures (10 – 18 MPa), while the re-compression cycle achieves the highest efficiency at pressures 18 MPa and higher. The reason for this behavior is that the turbine outlet pressure is independent of the pump inlet pressure in the case of a recompression cycle with pre-compression, therefore there is more flexibility for optimization. However it requires more components and thus a more complex cycle layout. The summary of cycle efficiencies for 13 and 30 MPa is presented in Figure 2.14. The overall conclusion drawn from this study is that real gas effects if properly accounted for represent a powerful tool to improve cycle efficiency. For a cooling water temperature of 5oC and turbine inlet temperature of 700oC cycle efficiencies better than that of a double re-heat steam cycle at the same maximum temperature and in excess of 50% are achievable. The superiority of re-heat CO2 cycles over the double re-heat steam cycle is maintained up to the cooling water temperature of 20oC. Furthermore, CO2 will benefit much more from the use of higher temperatures. If the minimum temperature of the working fluid cannot be lowered below 30oC the limit of CO2 cycle superiority is shifted to 800oC. However, lower temperature application is still attractive. 24PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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