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block. The channels can be straight or wavy. Figure 9.2 shows a cut through the PCHE showing the shape of the channels [Dewson and Grady, 2002], [Hesselgreaves, 2001]. The detailed PCHE characteristics are presented in Table 9.1, which is taken from the official HEATRIC web page. HEATRIC heat exchangers are especially well suited for off-shore applications where compactness is very important. These heat exchangers offer a large saving compared to traditional shell and tube heat exchangers. In the direct cycle application to a nuclear reactor a similar challenge is faced, since the heat exchangers are part of the second barrier against the escape of fission products in the case of accidents. Therefore, they, as well as the whole power cycle, have to be enclosed within the containment, which imposes a compactness requirement on the size of the power cycle unit. In the case of an indirect cycle this situation may be different; however the comparison of the cost of HEATRIC heat exchangers with the costs of the recuperator and pre-cooler from the GCRA is in favor of HEATRIC heat exchangers (see Chapter 8 on economics). The HEATRIC heat exchangers are available in a variety of materials ranging from different types of stainless steel to duplex steels and high temperature alloys, i.e. both austenitic and ferritic steels and advanced alloys are suitable for diffusion bonding. Carbon steels cannot be used for two reasons. The first is difficulty in the diffusion bonding process. The second is the fact that HEATRIC heat exchangers are designed with zero corrosion allowance (because of their small channels), hence a carbon steel could introduce plugging problems. For most applications HEATRIC found the economic thermal performance optimum channel diameter to be 2 mm. Nevertheless, much smaller diameters are possible. Technically it is expected that 0.1 mm etching depth is achievable, while 0.2 mm was actually manufactured. Increasing the diameter is not effective, because the customer pays for all the metal. If the channel diameter is large, a considerable amount of metal is etched away. In general the larger the etching diameter the higher the heat exchanger cost. It may be favorable to machine rather than etch even larger diameters, but this approach has not been used. If larger flow area is required on one side (gas/liquid metal application) it is better to use two (or more) plates for one fluid and one plate for the other, which doubles (or more than doubles) the flow area. Another approach is the reduction of the angle of the wave or the length of the wave in the channel. The reason for prefering these approaches rather than increasing the 205PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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