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A12 Appendix C Glossary of Scientific Terms and Abbreviations Expandable tubular casing – A novel method for completing a well. It reduces the number of telescopic steps in the casing profile and reduces the loss of diameter each time a new casing string or liner is set. It involves a coldworking process whereby the casing or liner can be expanded by up to 20% in diameter after being run downhole. This is accomplished by forcing through the pipe an expansion tool that exceeds the inner diameter of the tube by the required amount of expansion. The tool may be inserted either hydraulically, by applying mud pressure, or mechanically. FERC – Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. An independent agency that regulates the interstate transmission of electricity, natural gas, and oil. FERC also reviews proposals to build liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and interstate natural gas pipelines as well as licensing hydropower projects. Among its tasks, it oversees environmental matters related to natural gas and hydroelectricity projects and major electricity policy initiatives. Fixed charge rate – The annual interest expenses of the money borrowed to build a new construction project, plus the annual costs to operate and maintain it. Fixed charge rates include a range of factors such as construction financing, financing fees, return on debt and equity, depreciation, income tax, property tax, and insurance. The fixed charge rate, when multiplied by the cost of a new construction project, yields the annual “fixed charges.” Fixed costs – Costs that are not subject to change and do not fluctuate. Fracture – A break in a rock caused by directed stress. Fractures may be caused by shear or tensile failure and may exist as fully or partly propped open or sealed joints. Fracture cloud – The 3dimensional loci of microseismic acoustic emissions that are indicative of the stimulated fracture zone in the formation. Fracture spacing – The average distance between fractures that are open and accepting fluid. Gas turbine – An energy conversion system consisting of a compressor, combustor, and turbine, usually powered by a gaseous fuel such as natural gas. Gasfired combinedcycle plant – A generating facility with both a gas turbine and a steam unit. The gas turbine operates as a normal gas turbine using the hot gases released from burning natural gas to turn a turbine and generate electricity. In combinedcycle plants, the waste heat from the gas turbine process is directed to a wasteheat recovery heat exchanger that raises steam, which is then used to generate additional electricity by means of a steam turbine. Because of their efficient use of the heat energy released from the natural gas, combinedcycle plants are more efficient than steam units or gas turbines alone, typically with thermal efficiencies in excess of 5055%. GEA – Geothermal Energy Association. A trade association composed of U.S. companies who support the expanded use of geothermal energy and are developing geothermal resources worldwide for electrical power generation and directheat uses.PDF Image | Appendix A Energy Conversion Factors Btus quads calories kWh
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