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Drilling Technology and Costs 6.2.2 Current EGS drilling technology Chapter 6 from oil, gas, mining, and waterwell drilling practices – and generally has incorporated engineering expertise, uses, equipment, and materials common to these other forms of drilling. Nonetheless, some modification of traditional materials and methods was necessary, particularly with regard to muds and mud coolers, bit design, and bit selection. Initially, there were problems with rapid bit wear, especially in the heelrow (or gauge) of the bit, corrosion of the drill pipe during the air drilling effort, and general corrosion problems with well heads and valves. Major problems with wear of the bit bearing and cutting structure have been almost completely overcome with tougher and more robust, tungsten carbide roller cone journal bearing bits. Rapid wear of the cutting structure, especially the heel row, has been overcome by the development of more wearresistant tungsten carbide cutters, and the occasional use of polycrystalline surfaced inserts to improve wearresistance. Alternative designs were needed for geothermal applications, such as for casing and cementing to accommodate thermal expansion and to provide corrosion protection. Drilling engineers and rigsite drilling supervisors used their experience and background to develop these methods to safely drill and complete the geothermal wells in The Geysers, Imperial Valley, the Philippines, Indonesia, Northern Nevada, and other hydrothermal resource areas. 65 The current state of the art in geothermal drilling is essentially that of oil and gas drilling, incorporating engineering solutions to problems that are associated with geothermal environments, i.e., temperature effects on instrumentation, thermal expansion of casing strings, drilling hardness, and lost circulation. The DOE has supported a range of R&D activities in this area at Sandia National Laboratories and elsewhere. Advances in overcoming the problems encountered in drilling in geothermal environments have been made on several fronts: Hightemperature instrumentation and seals. Geothermal wells expose drilling fluid and downhole equipment to higher temperatures than are common in oil and gas drilling. However, as hydrocarbon reserves are depleted, the oil and gas industry is continually being forced to drill to greater depths, exposing equipment to temperatures comparable with those in geothermal wells. Hightemperature problems are most frequently associated with the instrumentation used to measure and control the drilling direction and with logging equipment. Until recently, electronics have had temperature limitations of about 150°C (300°F). Heatshielded instruments, which have been in use successfully for a number of years, are used to protect downhole instrumentation for a period of time. However, even when heat shields are used, internal temperatures will continue to increase until the threshold for operation of the electronic components is breached. Batteries are affected in a similar manner when used in electronic instruments. Recent success with “bare” hightemperature electronics has been very promising, but more improvements are needed. Temperature effects on downhole drilling tools and muds have been largely overcome by refinement of seals and thermalexpansion processes. Fluid temperatures in excess of 190°C (370°F) may damage components such as seals and elastomeric insulators. Bitbearing seals, cable insulations, surface wellcontrol equipment, and sealing elements are some of the items that must be designed and manufactured with these temperatures in mind. Elastomeric seals are very common in the tools and fixtures that are exposed to the downhole temperatures. Logging. The use of well logs is an important diagnostic tool that is not yet fully developed in the geothermal industry. For oil and gas drilling, electric logging provides a great deal of informationPDF Image | Drilling Technology and Costs
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