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624 Chapter 6 Drilling Technology and Costs The contribution of each major drilling cost component is shown in Figure 6.9 over a range of depths. Rotatingdrilling costs and casing/cementing costs dominate well costs at all depths. Drillingrotating, drillingnonrotating, and prespud expenses show linear growth with depth. Casing/cementing costs and trouble costs increase considerably at a depth of about 6,000 m, coinciding with the point where a change from three to four casing strings is required. All of these trends are consistent with the generally higher risks and more uncertain costs that accompany ultradeep drilling. All costs are heavily affected by the geology of the site, the depth of the well, and to a lesser degree, the well diameter. Casing and cementing costs also depend on the fluid pressures encountered during drilling. Well depth and geology are the primary factors that influence drilling nonrotating costs, because they affect bit life and therefore tripping time. Prespud costs are related to the rig size, which is a function of the well diameter, the length of the longest casing string, and the completed well depth. Geology/RateofPenetration. Rateofpenetration (ROP), which is controlled by geology and bit selection, governs rotatingdrilling costs. EGS wells will typically be drilled in hard, abrasive, high temperature formations that reduce ROP and bit life. This also affects drilling nonrotating costs, because lower bit life creates an increased need for trips. However, most EGS sites will have at least some softer sedimentary rock overlying a crystalline basement formation. In the past 15 to 20 years, dramatic improvements in bit design have led to much faster ratesofpenetration in hard, high temperature environments. The degree to which the formation geology affects total drilling costs was investigated by using the model to make wellcost predictions under four different assumed geologic settings. Rateof penetration (ROP) and bitlife input values to the model were adjusted to simulate different drilling environments, which ranged from very fast/nonabrasive to very hard/abrasive. The medium ROP represents sedimentary basin conditions (e.g., at Dixie Valley), whereas the very low ROP would be more representative of crystalline formations such as those found at Rosemanowes. In all cases, the best available bit technology was assumed. A 4,000 mdeep well was modeled to study the impact of increasing ROP on total well cost. An 83% increase in ROP from “very low” to “medium” values resulted in a 20% cost savings.PDF Image | Drilling Technology and Costs
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