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Chapter 6 Drilling Technology and Costs 6.6 Emerging Drilling Technologies 6.6.1 Current oil and gas drilling technologies adaptable to EGS Given the importance of drilling costs to the economic viability of EGS, particularly for mid to low grade resources where wells deeper than 4 km will be required, it is imperative that new technologies are developed to maximize drilling capabilities (Petty et al., 1988; Petty et al., 1991; Petty et al., 1992; Pierce and Livesay, 1994; Pierce and Livesay, 1993a; Pierce and Livesay, 1993b). Two categories of emerging technologies that would be adaptable to EGS are considered: (i) evolutionary oil and gas welldrilling technologies available now that are adaptable to drilling EGS wells, and (ii) revolutionary technologies not yet available commercially. 627 There are a number of approaches that can be taken to reduce the costs of casing and cementing deep EGS wells: expandable tubular casings, lowclearance well casing designs, casing while drilling, multilaterals, and improved ratesofpenetration are developments that will dramatically improve the economics of deep EGS wells. The first three concepts, which relate to casing design, are widely used in the oil and gas industry and can easily be adapted for EGS needs. The use of multilaterals to reduce the cost of access to the reservoir has also become common practice for hydrothermal and oil/gas operations. Adaptation, analysis, and testing of new technologies are required to reduce deep EGS well costs. Expandable tubulars casing. Casing and cementing costs are high for deep wells due to the number of casing strings and the volume of cement required. A commercially available alternative is to use expandable tubulars to line the well. Further development and testing is still needed to ensure the reliability of expandable tubular casing in wells where significant thermal expansion is expected. Efforts are underway to expand the range of available casing sizes and to develop effective tools and specialized equipment for use with expandable tubulars (Benzie et al., 2000; Dupai et al., 2001; Fillipov et al., 1999). The expandable tubing casing process utilizes a product, patented by Shell Development (Lohbeck, 1993), which allows in situ plastic deformation of the tubular casing. The interval is drilled using a bit just small enough to pass through the deepest casing string. There is an underreamer behind the lead bit. The underreamer is used to widen the bottom of the well and allow cementing of the casing, after running and expanding. The result is that the inner surfaces of adjacent casings are flush (i.e., the inner diameter is constant with depth). This allows two possible approaches to be taken: (i) the resulting casing may be used as the production string; and (ii) a liner may be run and cemented in the well after progress through the production interval is completed. Technology improvements are needed if this approach is to be taken in deep, largediameter EGS wells. Underreamers. Monobore designs that use expandable tubulars require underreamers. The use of underreamers is common in oil and gas drilling through sediments, and provides cementing clearance for casing strings that would not otherwise be available. However, highquality under reamers for hard rock environments are not common, with expansion arms often being subject to failure. Currently, underreaming in oil and gas operations utilizes bicenter bits and PDCtype cutters. Unfortunately, the success of PDC cutters in geothermal environments has not yet been established. More robust underreamers are required for EGS applications.PDF Image | Drilling Technology and Costs
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