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628 6.6.2 Revolutionary drilling technologies Chapter 6 Drilling Technology and Costs Lowclearance casing design. An alternative approach to using expandable tubulars is to accept reduced clearances. A well design using smaller casing and less clearance between casing strings may be appropriate (Barker, 1997). This may also require the use of an underreamer to establish clearance between the casing and the borehole for cementing. Although closer tolerances may cause problems with cementing operations, this can usually be remedied by the use of underreamers before cementing. Drillingwithcasing is an emerging technology that has the potential to reduce cost. This approach may permit longer casing intervals, meaning fewer strings – and, therefore, reduced costs (Gill et al., 1995). Research is needed to improve our understanding of cementing practices that apply to the drillingwithcasing technique. As with expandable tubulars, the development of reliable under reamers is key to the advancement of this technology. Multilateral completions/stimulating through sidetracks and laterals. Tremendous progress has been made in multilateral drilling and completions during the past 10 years. However, pressurebased stimulation of EGS reservoirs may still prove difficult, unless the most sophisticated (Class 5 and Class 6) completion branch connections are used. The successful development of reliable reentry schemes and innovative ways to sequentially stimulate EGS development sets may be necessary, if the additional cost of such sophisticated completion practices is to be avoided. Well design variations. Considerable savings are possible if the length of casing intervals is extended. This will reduce the number of casing strings, and therefore, the diameter of the surface and first intermediate casings. The success of this approach depends on the ability to maintain wellbore stability of the drilled interval and to install a good cement sheath. There may be isolated intervals where this technique will be appropriate. Rateofpenetration issues can significantly affect drilling costs in crystalline formations. ROP problems can cause wellcost increases by as much as 15% to 20% above those for more easily drilled Basin and Range formations. Although we have not formally analyzed the potential cost reductions of revolutionary drilling technologies as a part of this assessment, it is clear that they could have a profound longterm impact on making the lowergrade EGS resource commercially accessible. New drilling concepts could allow much higher rates of penetration and longer bit lifetimes, thereby reducing rig rental time, and lighter, lowercost rigs that could result in markedly reduced drilling cost. Such techniques include projectile drilling, spallation drilling, laser drilling, and chemical drilling. Projectile drilling consists of projecting steel balls at high velocity using pressurized water to fracture and remove the rock surface. The projectiles are separated and recovered from the drilling mud and rock chips (Geddes and Curlett, 2006). Spallation drilling uses hightemperature flames to rapidly heat the rock surface, causing it to fracture or “spall.” Such a system could also be used to melt nonspallable rock (Potter and Tester, 1998). Laser drilling uses the same mechanism to remove rock, but relies on pulses of laser to heat the rock surface. Chemical drilling involves the use of strong acids to break down the rock, and has the potential to be used in conjunction with conventional drilling techniques (Polizzotti et al., 2003). These drilling techniques are in various stages of development but are not yet commercially available. However, successful development of any of these technologies could cause a major change in drilling practices, dramatically lower drilling costs – and, even more important, allow deeper drilling capabilities to be realized.PDF Image | Drilling Technology and Costs
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