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638 Chapter 6 Drilling Technology and Costs Well depth and final drill bit diameter come into play in designing the well schematic. The schematic is a representation of the selected diameters, weights of the casing, and the grade of material used in the manufacture of the pipe. The productive interval bit diameter sets the diameters from the bottom to the surface. Geothermal wells tend to use largerdiameter casing than are used in oil and gas well completions. For the most part, K55, L80, and T95 casing grades are used in making the estimates. Available sizes and weights are determined by contacting the casing vendors. Modeling the well cost also considers the requirements presented by the geologic stratigraphy to be drilled, the desired depth, and the final production interval bit diameter. Using these requirements, the well is designed. The traditional, casingwithinacasing design can be estimated based on the available sizes, desired clearance for cementing, and accepted risk of the amount of open hole. Normal wellbore to casing clearances in use in the geothermal drilling industry are applied wherever possible. There is some leeway in the well design where multiple casing strings are to be run. The geothermal industry has to depend on the oil and gas drilling industry to set the available supply of casing sizes, and weights and grades of steel available for geothermal completions. Geothermal drilling has little or no impact on the available inventory. Onshore oil and gas wells tend to be smaller in diameter than geothermal wells. This sometimes puts a limitation of the availability of casing sizes, weights, and grades. CIS 3rd Quarter 2004. The Cost Information Spreadsheet (CIS 3rd/2004) is used to set the costs of goods and services at a particular date (or period of time) and to set guidelines to be used in materials, equipment and services, time lines, performance, and cost. A file for casing cost is maintained for the different casing sizes, weights and grades, and connections. The CIS also provides for collapse calculations and costs for largediameter welded pipe used in the tophole section of the well (20” casing is the largest seamless casing normally manufactured and threaded). Drilling costs are subjected to considerable volatility. The rig rental rate, material costs, and services are all subjected to supplyanddemand cycles that are not necessarily tied to the Consumer Price Index. There is, however, a Drilling Cost Index that reflects changes in drilling cost. But this is an annualized record and of little help if costing a current well. Unfortunately, the variations occur on a monthly rather than an annual basis. Because geothermal wells use a slightly larger selection of casing diameters, weights, and grades, the supply for geothermal may be limited. Each cost information spreadsheet (for example, CIS 3rd Quarter 2004) has a date stamp. Models have been used for 1979, 1996, 2000, third quarter 2004, and fourth quarter 2005. Information will be entered for all drilling intervals and each subsequent “end of interval time and cost” and for the initial completion of the well. Prespud. Prespud expenses are listed and accounted. These are expenses that are incurred before the hole is actually started (spudded). Prespud cost for the cost of mobilizing and demobilizing the rig, setting up a water supply, the drill site construction, conductor hole drilling and cementing, the well cellar, etc. are all estimated and appear in the Prespud subsection of the Input Section. Daily operating expenses. A cost for the daily (and, therefore, hourly) cost of operations is developed by making daily cost entries for each item listed. The rig daily rental rate and the other running costs such as insurance, overhead, management, drilling engineering charges, rig supervision, and other miscellaneous timebased charges (daily or hourly operating cost) are entered for the overallPDF Image | Drilling Technology and Costs
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