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Gas resources Proven gas resources have outpaced production by a wide margin since the 1970s and are now equal to about 66 years of production at current rates. With an annual grow rate of 2.3%, reserves would last 40 years. Coal resources Proven coal reserves worldwide total 907 billion tonnes are almost 200 years of production at current rates. Coal production in Europe will continue to decline as subsidies are reduced and uncompetitive mines are closed. Political instabilities in the main supply countries of carbon fuels cause additional risks for the security of supply. The human origin of climate change is now widely acknowledged. No large energy-consuming sector can be ignored if we want to tackle this challenge. Nuclear resources and Power Plants Nuclear fission with the introduction of Generation IV reactors in combination with effective waste disposal / recycling was convinced up to now as a good option from the point of view of operating cost, life cycle emissions, and availability of primary fuel. Although there were acceptability problems in some Member States and since the reactor accident in Fukushima, Japan, in 2011 more States are willing to cancel the planning of new fission reactors and to close operating reactors when reached the planned lifetime of 30 years in operating. Also unsolved problems with a long-time (more than 1 000 years) waste disposal and the limited fuel resources (uranium, thorium) are important arguments which can not be ignored in planning of long-term sustainable energy systems. Nuclear fusion energy has long been seen as a potentially attractive new source of electricity. It tantalisingly offers most of the advantages of fission power with even more readily available fuels and without the possibility of major reactor accidents releasing large quantities of radioactive material, and without producing very long-lived radioactive wastes. For many years even its technical feasibility was in doubt, but that has now been demonstrated with high confidence. The uncertainty which still remains is whether it will be a practical and reliable energy source, given the complexity of the technology and, in particular, whether the energy will be produced at anything like a competitive cost. Unfortunately, because fusion technology is complex and inevitably large scale, the research is very expensive; it simply cannot be taken forward at low cost. To demonstrate fusion’s technical feasibility with certainty and gain some experience with the operation of realistic-scale fusion technology and subsystems , the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) will be built in Europe, with international collaboration to share the costs, but with the EU playing an active, leading role. New materials and new technologies have to be developed and demonstrated, which are needed for reactors when are used at high- load factors. The realisation of nuclear fusion reactors for market introduction will take some decades. 12PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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