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8.2 Bio-energy Simple biomass combustion technologies are already competitive with oil, in those rural areas where wood residues are available nearby and can be burned in small, decentralised plants, and with oil and gas in urban areas where the combustion of municipal wastes saves the costs of transport to and disposal in scarce landfill sites. Biomass offers considerable flexibility of fuel supply due to the range and the diversity of fuels which can be produced at small or large scale, in a centralised or decentralised way. Cost of heat production from biomass, or bio-heat, depends firstly on the bio fuel cost. The cost depends on the country, the type and quality of the fuel, the demand, the organisation of the procurement chain, the quantity (individual user up to large industrial scale), etc. Converting biomass to liquid (BTL) fuels is potentially very important because it offers not only the prospect of retaining liquid chemical fuels for transport without increasing atmospheric CO2 but also the possibility of a global trade in biomass-derived liquids, not really possible with solid biomass itself. Because of this potential of BTL to provide liquid fuels it is important to find biological processes for converting the ligno-cellulose parts of woody plants to liquids. The design and operation of conventional BTL plant for the different biomass feedstock which might become available in or to the EU would also be useful, in order that the conversion technology and costs of BTL fuels might be reduced or at least become less uncertain. The worldwide potential for useful biomass resources is estimated to be about 400 - 1,400 EJ/year. 8.3 Solar Heating and Cooling A large variety of solar-thermal components and systems, mostly for residential applications, are available on the market. The products are reliable and show a high technical standard in the low temperature regime. The market growth is not yet stable and still is very much dependant on public support (subsidies), not unlike the other non-renewable and renewable energy technologies. The potential of solar thermal technologies for the heat supply (hot water and space heat) in housing is large: About 50% to 70% solar share for hot water preparation and 40% to 60% of the heat supply - hot water and space - heat can be achieved in low-energy houses. While solar water and space heating have been in the market for decades, new approaches for solar thermal applications - e.g. for cooling and process heat - are now emerging onto the market. About 30 to 40% of the process heat demand could be covered with low- to medium temperature solar collector systems. The worldwide contribution of solar thermal heat to the overall energy supply has been strongly underestimated in the past. 28PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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