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The geothermal sector is currently the fourth largest electrical power production sector using renewable energy sources, ranked behind hydraulic power, biomass and wind power. At the end of the year 2004, it represented 0.3% of world electricity production (54.7 TWh out of a total of 17 387 TWh). Installed geothermal capacity went from 7 973 MWe in 2000 to 8 911 MW in 2004. If the large regions of the world are considered, two main producers of geothermal origin electricity can be seen: America (3 921 MWe) and Asia (3 291 MWe). Europe comes next, with total capacity of 1 123 MWe. A large part of geothermal energy is used by geothermal heat pumps, under the heading of the so-called very low temperature applications. The European Union is one of the main regions of the world to have developed geothermal heat pump technology (ground-coupled heat pumps). The total number of geothermal heat pumps is estimated at more than 379 000 units, equivalent to 4 531 MWth 2004 (+30.5% with respect to 2003). The heat pump industry is by far the most dynamic of the three geothermal sectors. Total worldwide geothermal heat pump capacity has considerably increased these last five years. Their total installed capacity is estimated to be 13 815 MWth at the end of year 2004(1.15 million units with mean capacity of 12 kWth each) vs. 5 275 MWth capacity in 2000. The worldwide technical potential of geothermal – including very deep resources (below 3000 m) - is very large and has been estimated to be as much as 5,000 EJ/year (theoretically). Important limitations to expanding its use are economics as well as the geographic distribution of the resource. 8.7 Solar Thermal Power A new window of opportunity for Solar Thermal Power Technologies has opened up recently. Today‘s technology is based on parabolic troughs using thermal oil, and central receivers using molten salt or atmospheric air. Solar Thermal Power Plants are thought to be near to cost competitive, and could reach that goal with the deployment of modest number of systems. Market focuses are in the larger scale projects (80-300 MW), as well as in smaller systems (10-50 MW). The larger systems are thought to be appropriate for bulk power, and would be developed as fossil hybrids (generally natural gas). The smaller systems have a variety of potential sub-markets, including captive industrial power, distributed generation, or small independent grids. Solar Thermal Power Plants are operated by concentrating solar systems. Applications require sites with high direct solar radiation, in Europe only in southern countries e.g. Spain, Greece, Italy, Malta. Favourites markets for Solar Thermal Power Plants are Africa, Asia, Australia and the western part of US. 31PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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