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In addition new approaches for materials used in thermo-chemical cycles have been identified. Previous limitations, e.g. in the use of thermo-chemical cycles based on metal oxides, were due to the high dissociation temperature of the metal oxide (> 1500 K), which appears to be difficult to control in terms of the material properties. Recent studies have identified a new group of metal oxides with a spinel structure as potential materials for a thermo-chemical cycle with dissociation temperatures below 1200 K. These and other approaches appear to be a promising start for an efficient method of hydrogen production (compared to electrolysis with renewable electric power). 8.9 Solar High Temperature Industrial Process Heat In solar thermal concentrating plants process heat can be provided at high temperature levels: in receivers which have already been developed in a multi MW scale for high temperature heat generation in central receiver systems at 500-1000 °C and in an experimental scale up to 2000 °C, in parabolic dish concentrators and in solar furnaces even at more than 2000 °C. Thus it is useful to investigate whether such plants - besides of solar thermal power production - could meet the energy demand for the established high temperature processes in the primary industry. For the short to mid term future some market niches can already be identified today. These include the solar photochemical production of specialty chemicals and the solar detoxification of polluted water and hazardous wastes. For the near term future first industrial applications can be expected such as solar steam reforming of natural gas, photo-chemical production of specialities, detoxification of specific hazardous wastes, or testing and treatment of materials. Whilst developing the first applications an intended effect is to establish specific know how in solar chemical engineering and to collect those experiences which are required to carry out a larger range of solar chemical bulk processes. At the same time also further specific applications of solar radiation should be inspired. 8.10 Solar Hydrogen Production A solar-based world energy economy require the conversion of solar energy into the chemical binding energy of a fuel, to offer the possibility to arrive at a utilization independent of the annual variation of solar energy availability. Solar-hydrogen has been proposed as a candidate for such a solar-based world energy economy. Hydrogen is also storage for electricity. Hydrogen could be produced through electrolysis by PV- cells or directly by photochemical cells. Such an energy system would be ideal as it is driven by renewable solar energy, it does not produce critically environmental pollutants and it is totally closed, i.e. hydrogen fuels are produced from water, and the conversion of hydrogen into various forms of final energy produces only water. It is technically feasible to store grid electricity as hydrogen at times when supply exceeds demand and that this is useful in cases where a large number of intermittent generators could locally overload the electricity grid. Typically examples of these intermittent generators are wind farms and photovoltaic arrays. However, extrapolating from the current rate of growth of these different generating technologies, their penetration in the European grid will not be large enough in the near future to create instability. 33PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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