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types of wave energy devices are now developed and planned to be built in the near future in the framework of international co-operation in the IEA Ocean Energy Systems Programme. Marine currents systems, caused by thermal differences in addition to tidal effects, is kinetic energy from the sea which can be harnessed using techniques similar in principle to those for extracting energy from the wind, by using submarine converters similar to “underwater windmills”. But this option is still relatively undeveloped. A number of studies have been completed on the energy potential of marine currents but there have been few on the engineering requirements for utilisation of this resource. Salient gradient system utilises the pressure difference arising between fresh water and sea water (Salinity Power). Large amounts of renewable energy can be extracted wherever freshwater from rivers and lakes meets the saltwater of the ocean. This technology has an enormous unexploited power production potential world-wide. Estimates indicate a potential about 250 TWh per year in Europe and 2000 TWh globally. The main objective of the EU-co-funded 3.4 MEUR Salinity Power project is the development of a cheap membrane with a long operating life in order to keep the cost for power down. Recent developments and results suggest that salinity power plant can be constructed with a very gentle environmental impact taking very good care of the local environment and biodiversity. Assuming realistic membrane performance and cost data it is expected that salinity power will be competitive with other emerging renewable energy sources such as off-shore wind power and biomass power generation when commercialised in about 5 to 10 years. Ocean Thermal Conversion power system uses the thermal gradient between surface water heated by solar radiation and the cold deep water. Ocean thermal energy systems (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC) have been up to now only test prototypes. The estimated global resource for these undeveloped types of ocean energy systems is of about 100 – 300 EJ/year. 8.12 Concept for Floating Solar Chimney Technology “Floating solar chimney technology” is an electricity power generating method with the warm air of a large solar collector up drafting through a tall chimney. The earliest description of a solar chimney power station was written in 1931, and a model was built in 1982 in Manzaranas, Spain, 150 km south of Madrid. The power plant operated successfully for approximately 8 years, but the results were not considered as an economic solution. With a new approach using a reinforced concrete solar chimney technology with higher solar chimneys – up to 3000 m height and 100 m internal diameter – and lighter structures, the efficiency of solar chimney power plants should be increased and the costs decreased. For the production of 50% of the present world energy demand for electricity a land of 130000 km2 (360 km x 360 km) is necessary. But in EU-Member States, appropriate areas for Floating Solar Chimney applications are very limited. A major difference with other renewable power generation methods is the ability of the proposed project, equipped with thermal storage facilities of negligible cost, to produce guaranteed power for 24h/day and for 365days/year. As no Floating Solar Chimney is in operation, learning curves and cost figures do not rest on existing experience, but on estimates. The cost of “Floating Solar Chimney Technology” are 35PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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