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A comprehensive and ambitious applied R&D programme is needed to develop competitive advanced solar heating and cooling systems. These systems would be able to cost effectively provide 10 -20% of the overall low temperature heat demand of the EU Member States by 2020. R&D efforts need to focus on technical advances in material and components, storage, scaling up and increasing efficiency of solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems. Architectural aspects also need to be taken into consideration. Solar thermal collectors need to become an integral part of buildings, ideally becoming standard construction elements. It has been estimated that approximately half of the cost reduction potential for concentrating solar power (CSP) can be attributed to scale-up to larger plant sizes and volume production effects, whereas the other half is attributed to technology R&D efforts. Scaling reduces unit investment cost, unit operation and maintenance costs, and increases performance. Technological improvements in the concentrator performance and cost would most dramatically impact the levelized electricity cost (LEC) figures. Storage Systems are a second key factor in reducing the cost of solar power plants. Additional R&D efforts need to be supported by significant deployment efforts. Northern Africa is considered as a high solar resource levels and it may possible to export solar electricity to the European market. Such as high solar resource levels may over-compensate the additional transport cost and deployment of the technology would help to support the political stability in this region. Legal frameworks should allow more flexibility in the adoption of hybrid operations of central solar power (CSP) systems. And, as scaling up CSP to larger power block sizes is an essential step in reducing electricity costs, incentive schemes should not limit the upper power level to fully exploit the cost reduction potential. There is no commercially leading technology on ocean energy conversion systems. Ocean energy systems are confronting the marine environment in its most energetic location, implying strong wave climate and/or strong currents and they need to fulfil the basic economic and environmental requirements including: low cost, safety, reliability, simplicity and low environmental impact. Non-technical barriers are hurdles put in front of emergent technologies that will slow or even stop their maturity. The research areas that will address common barriers can be classified as resource assessments, energy production forecasting, simulation tools, test and measurement standards and the environmental impact. Technical barriers are technical hurdles that need to be solved by research activities to bring a concept to its full potential. Every concept has its own list of specific technical barriers. Nevertheless, there are common denominators among similar types of concepts. For simplification these barriers will be categorized in to three technology areas: wave, tidal and salinity gradient. Additional R&D funding is critical to advancing the development of ocean energy systems. Ocean energy technologies must solve two major problems concurrently: proving the energy conversion potential and overcoming a very high technical risk from a harsh environment. Additional R&D funding would help to mitigate the substantial technical risk faced by device developers daring to harness the energy of the marine environment. 11.5 Growing Political Consensus to Promote Renewables Technologies There is a strong and growing political consensus to promote the development of Renewables. E.g., all IEA Member States have established, or are planning, measures to increase share of Renewables in their energy markets. The Directive adopted by the European Union as a Member of IEA - is an example of this political will: the target is to increase the share of Renewables – as an average for all EU-Member countries – in energy consumption/energy supply from its present level of 6% to 12% in 2010. Renewables are also high on the agenda of developing countries, 51PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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