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of CO and other pollutants but modern boilers have greatly improved efficiency (up to 90% at design output) and lower discharges (less than 0.2 gram CO per m3 exhaust). 9. However, biomass is largely carbohydrate (CH2O), is often slightly wet and consequently has a much smaller energy content (13 – 20 GJ/tonne) than oil (CH2: 45 GJ/tonne) and somewhat smaller than coal (CH0.7: 25 - 30 GJ/tonne). In volumetric terms the comparison with oil and coal is even less favourable, since much of the wood is in the form of lightly packed pellets or chips, and this makes the movement of wood fuel over large distances rather expensive. 10. The current annual production of heat from biomass in the EU is about 1.8 EJ and of electricity about 22 TWh, the latter equivalent to only 80 PJ delivered electricity but 0.25 EJ or so in primary energy terms. 11. The potential for an increased use of fuel wood from existing forests in EU 15 is significant but not enormous. For example, in Austria the resource is estimated at 230 PJ/year, of which some 122 PJ/year are currently used. This ratio is typical of the member states having extensive forests. In most member states the potential is much less and only in Finland is the current use (94 PJ/year) a significantly smaller fraction of the potential (350 PJ/year). 12. However, the global potential for biomass production is estimated to be much larger; some 450 EJ/year compared with the current global consumption of 50 EJ/year and a global consumption of fossil fuels of about 350 EJ/year. 13. Realising the potential of biomass to contribute more to EU energy supply therefore depends on progress in one or more of four areas: - Encouraging a greater take - up of biomass fuels as currently used, that is the combustion of wood, agricultural residues or commercial/industrial and domestic wastes for heat and/or electricity, possibly together with: Increasing the supply of biomass in member states with primarily urban populations and which no longer have extensive forests to provide wood - Converting biomass to liquids, enabling their more flexible use and economical transport over longer distances, thereby making available to the EU bio-fuels which can be used in transport and biomass which is grown far from the consumers, where growth conditions are more favourable and/or more land is available and finally: - Supplying technology and equipment which will encourage greater use of biomass elsewhere. This will help take global pressure off other fuels which can be imported for use in the EU, will provide foreign currency for such energy imports and reduce global warming. (C) Attractiveness of biomass technologies Increasing biomass resources in the EU 14. The supply of biomass fuel in the EU could certainly be increased by growing energy crops. Perennial plants are the most attractive prospect, because they require very low fertiliser and pesticide inputs compared with annuals and the production of these agrochemicals is very energy intensive. Perennial crops with low inputs also create a stable habitat, with the prospect of increasing the diversity of flora and fauna in an area when compared with conventional agriculture. 15. Grasses would have the merit that they could be harvested with conventional reaping machinery. However willow, grown on a 2-4 year cutting cycle commonly referred to as short rotation coppice, is favoured for northern European conditions. Energy crops are 84PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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