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(C) 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. and back-up capacity to deal with situations of no wind whilst electricity consumption is high. There are also challenges to be faced in using wind turbines in different types of terrain. In Denmark and Germany most of the current turbines and the potential new sites are on flat land or offshore in shallow water. In the southern parts of Europe (Spain, Italy and Greece) the majority of turbines and the potential sites are in complex terrain. Three bladed, upwind wind turbines sited on flat land have a long track record and good reliability. However, research is much needed concerning wind over complex terrain, aerodynamics, aero-elastics, structural design and materials, control, sensor technology, and grid integration and dynamics. Offshore wind sites will place heavy demands on turbines, to cope with the demanding environment (e.g. waves, ice, complex wind structure over rough sea) whilst achieving better reliability to avoid expensive service and maintenance visits. R&D is needed on new codes to calculate and verify the loads and strength (e. g. blades, gearboxes etc.), new standards, new materials for the multi megawatt turbines. Attractiveness of wind energy technologies Demand for wind turbines is almost certain to grow even further, not just in the EU but also globally, and competition between the manufacturers supplying it will become intense. AGE believes that the competitiveness of EU companies in this global market will be crucially dependent on their having access to relevant R&D derived from medium and long-term research programs, to provide ideas for revolutionary new designs as well as incremental improvements to existing designs. Thus modern wind turbines are pushing technology to extremes in several fields and needs research in areas such as meteorology (wind resources and wind structure), aerodynamics and aero elastics, structural design and materials (composite materials, gear boxes, generators) and electricity grid modelling with fluctuating sources in the grid. Other industries than wind energy should also benefit from this frontier research. Unfortunately, manufacturers often - but quite naturally - focus on short-term innovation and do not pay much attention to long-term perspectives. Moreover, the days are over when the fledgling European wind energy industry could depend on wind R&D performed in national laboratories. Their future success therefore relies on the existence in the EU of the necessary research, available to EU companies at costs not too excessive compared with that supporting US and Japanese competitors. Priorities for augmented R&D (D) 16.AGE concludes that EU-wide support is needed to create open knowledge- networks among the European research institutes and companies dealing with long-term generic and more fundamental R&D-activities. A European Research Area in wind energy, which can support the sector through long-term generic and scientific R&D should be the ambition, a necessary basic element of which will be the establishment in FP7of an EU research program dedicated to wind energy with the aim to support R&D projects and to facilitate the development of a European research area in the wind energy sector. 17. To meet the challenges that face the European wind energy, the following R&D issues must be dealt with: 90PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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