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- Wind resources (identification and characterisation of sites for wind-power parks): Improvement of databases and models for complex terrains as well as over the sea is much needed. - Prediction of power outputs: Reliability of short-term (6-48 hours) forecasts of power outputs is one of the most pressing issues in connection with management of wind energy and its integration into the electrical grid. This is a priority that requires EU and international cooperative efforts. - Offshore: Offshore wind energy demands knowledge of ocean-atmosphere interactions with structures. There is a need for an R&D program encompassing modelling and predictions of ocean currents and wave-state, wave-structure interaction (internal waves and surface waves), sediment transport and ice conditions. - Wind-turbine technology (development of new, 4th-generation turbines): In order to be economically feasible, offshore wind-turbines must be big, reliable and easy to maintain, characteristics which are desirable but not quite so crucial for wind turbines ashore. The scale-up to multi-MW sizes requires turbine blades that are so big and have such complicated and huge loads that no-one yet knows how to make them. Novel rotor concepts with aero-elastic wings utilizing interactive, adaptive shape control of aerodynamic forces could reduce loads and strains and thereby weight and cost. This development will require research into "intelligent" materials and extending computational fluid mechanics to include aero-elastic interactions between rotor blades and turbulent flows. More efficient generators and converters e.g. directly driven generators could open new possibilities for making more efficient and lighter wind turbines. By adding classical power-plant characteristics to individual wind turbines, it may be possible to reduce the problems and cost associated with transmission systems. Vice versa, designing the grid such that it accommodates fluctuating wind energy is another possibility. - Grid integration: The integration of wind energy into national grids requires online grid-security assessments, short term reserve management, "ride through default" capabilities to provide grid robustness of operation, remodelling of Europe-wide grid systems, etc. These radically different and better systems and techniques for dynamic grid management must be based on vastly improved systems integration (improvement of short-term forecast of power outputs), systems analysis (economics, barriers, strategies for implementation), and better control technologies. - Stand-alone and hybrid systems: System integration of wind generators with other power sources such as photovoltaic solar cells (PV) or diesel generating systems is essential in small grids where high reliability is required. - Environmental impact: Conflicting goals for the use of the countryside by different interest groups are becoming more pronounced. Understanding of noise generation and transmission is essential. Better design methods for noise reduction must be developed. Wild life must be considered in the deployment process. This requires better background data and understanding of the behaviour of different species. This holds for both land and offshore applications. Turbine interference with telecommunications/radars needs to be studied and quantified. - Testing, standardization and certification: To support the technological development and make market penetration easier, there is a need for further testing, standardization and certification. EU should support research necessary for certification of site assessments, design of offshore wind farms, designs of wind farms in complex terrain, identification and quantification of uncertainties. 91PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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