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materials and/or more easily mass-produced technologies such as amorphous silicon and to seek to make PVs competitive via installation subsidies only when better echnologies are available. 18. AGEisnotsurewhetherornoteconomicPVinstallationscanbeachievedwith current silicon technologies but it doubts it. They may compete with retail power on good sites but it is very doubtful that they can ever be truly economic against gas, coal or nuclear generation in large-scale use. Moreover, since the scale of PV production is already quite large, supplying as it does the existing off-grid and subsidised on-grid demand, the increased scale of production needed to drive the costs down to where they can truly compete will be enormous and the subsidies required to achieve those sales volumes will be very large too. However, since the subsidy strategy for making cells competitive may be used in some member states, AGE believes that some EU- wide research should focus on trying to optimise current PV systems via R&D on cheap ‘solar-grade’ silicon, crystalline silicon cell and wafer production technologies, balance of systems equipment, control systems for grid connection, safety and reliability issues. 19. But AGE believes that the really important long-term R&D challenge is to find a PV technology concept which is significantly cheaper per unit output than crystalline siliconandlendsitselfmorereadilytomassproduction.Thereisasyetnoclear winner among the various materials being studied such as amorphous silicon, copper- indium- diselenide, cadmium telluride, organic solar cells etc. and for all thin film cells fundamental R&D and new production technologies are required. AGE therefore concludesthatthemainEU–wideR&DpriorityforPVshouldbeonmaterials research linked with device physics and manufacturing technologies for promising thin-film and/or multi-layer PV technologies. (E) Assessment of solar electric (PV) technologies 20. AGE’s evaluation of solar photovoltaics against its standard criteria is given in the table below. The block of ‘excellent’ ratings in the centre of the table indicate why PVs are so highly thought of by the public and politicians. In the north of the EU the problems of inherently low load factors and incompatibility with customer needs (in not delivering power during periods of darkness or bad weather) are probably insurmountable. In the south, the only real obstacle to the wider use of PVs is their cost. 97PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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