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27.Fundamental and applied research is needed to develop high performance and cost efficient materials for improved solar thermal systems: Cost-effective optical coatings on the surfaces interacting with the solar irradiation in order to reflect, transmit or absorb the light in a highly effective way, low-cost anti-reflective and self cleaning glazing materials (e.g., new synthetics, embossing of suitable micro-structures into the surfaces of panels and tubes). 28.Material research is also needed on the thermal side of the solar thermal energy conversion: Materials and components are necessary to withstand high stagnation temperatures of high efficiency solar thermal collectors without decreasing the efficiency in the required temperature range or to break down and shorten the 20-year service life; plastic materials for collectors with high thermal and optical performance could significantly reduce the costs of solar thermal systems. 29. For the future development of solar thermal energy storage, advanced insulation materials are necessary and energy storage materials with a higher energy density than water need further development. Promising technologies are based on phase change materials or thermo-chemical storage processes (e.g., sorption). 30. Specific R&D needs for advanced solar thermal components includes: Advanced flat- plate collectors, specifically designed for roof and façade integration, new collectors for medium temperature applications up to a temperature level of approx. 250°C are necessary for new and challenging applications like solar cooling and solar heat for industrial processes, photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors. 31.For novel collector systems in the low and medium temperature range polymeric materials will allow for significant technology progress. As evidenced in the past by developments in numerous industrial sectors (e.g., electrics and electronics, automotive and aviation, general machinery, building and construction, packaging) a high potential for innovative advancements by the proper integration of polymeric materials is also to be expected for solar components and systems. Due to the wide range of properties that may be realized by polymeric materials combined with their cost efficient and highly flexible process ability and the high potential for multi-functional integration, the advantages related to the use of polymers in solar components and systems include functional improvements, system cost reductions and - last but not least - more design freedoms to meet the aesthetic demands of architects and end-users. Moreover, as a result of their property profile which may be tailored to specific requirements and applications together with their low density (light weight), polymeric materials use “less to do more”, thus also contributing to resource preservation. 32. The potential for solar thermal applications in the housing sector and industry will increase dramatically once suitable technical solutions are available to store the heat for the medium (daily) to longer (seasonal) term. Water tanks have and will achieve a good method for heat storage. However, when it comes to high solar fraction for solar homes, water tanks show limits due to the required size and the heat losses. New materials and new types of storage concepts are necessary. They can be based on phase change materials (PCM’s) or chemicals, or a combination of water tanks and those materials adequately encapsulated. PCM materials can also be incorporated into structural elements of the building. Solar assisted air conditioning and cooling needs both hot and cold storage in order to produce cold, when the sun is available and deliver cold water when it is needed. This also would be a promising application for PCM materials. 33. Advanced storage systems could utilize chemical and physical processes to reduce the total storage volume and the related costs. The general aim should be to develop materials, components and systems that allow a reduction of storage volume by at least a 103PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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