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factor of 3 compared to water. For phase change materials (PCM) only a factor of 1.5 – 2 can be expected relative to hot water systems. 34. Solar heating systems for combined domestic hot water preparation and space heating, so called “solar combisystems”, and are increasing their market share in many European countries. But current designs are mainly focused on single-family houses. Therefore it is necessary to develop and to demonstrate solar combisystems with several hundred kW for multi-family houses and large-scale applications for housing estates and solar assisted district heating systems with several MW. 35.The industrial sector has the biggest energy consumption in the EU countries at approximately 30%, followed closely by the transportation and household sectors. The major share of the energy, which is needed in commercial and industrial companies for production, processes and for heating of the production halls, is below 250°C. The unique features of these applications lie on the scale on which they are used. Appropriate system designs and controls are needed to meet industrial requirements. Medium temperature collectors and high performance storage tanks are needed for the efficient integration of the solar energy into industrial processes. 36. With increasing demand for higher comfort levels in offices and houses, the market for cooling has been increasing constantly over the past years. The obvious solution to provide the prime energy for these cooling applications through solar thermal systems is still under development. In the small capacity range the component development of cooling equipment needs further R&D in order to come to higher performance, lower prices and to a more industrialized production. For all systems – small capacity for residential application and in small commercial buildings as well as in the large capacity range for large buildings and industrial applications R&D is required in the following areas: Cooling machines for low capacities and machines able to adjust to the solar thermal heat supply, system design, integration and control, providing best practice solutions via demonstration projects. 37. The combination of solar space heating, hot water preparation and cooling has not been addressed since the initial R&D done in the 1980s. Such systems have a high market potential, and by extending the operational period of the collectors to the full year, they will dramatically increase the competitiveness of solar thermal technology through the combination of heating and cooling. 38. For a broad market introduction of solar thermal systems, architectural aspects have to be taken into consideration: Building Design and Integration. Solar thermal collectors need to become an integral part of the building, ideally becoming standard construction elements. Furthermore, the impact of solar thermal systems on the building physics (i.e., façade collectors) is an important factor and has to be investigated in more detail. 39. As new buildings require less energy, in northern countries the effective heating season is shortened to a few months of the year. These months are also exactly the months with the least solar radiation. The logical conclusion is to consider the option of superior building insulation in combination with the use of passive solar gains during the spring and autumn to eliminate auxiliary energy demand while increasing the quality of life within buildings all year around. The interaction among windows, the degree of insulation and the use of ventilation heat recovery in high performance buildings is a subject needing further investigation. 40. Comfort is a critical aspect as the solar fraction is increased by means of passive solar design. Sun and glare protection reduce the passive solar heat contribution while the losses remain constant. Accordingly, the balance between comfort and energy savings requires careful analysis of occupant behavior and types of shading/glare control devices, 104PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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