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11. A variety of projects are also under development in the US, the construction of the first plant will be finished by end of 2005. 12. Two international requests for bidding have been released for hybrid solar power plants in Morocco, and Algeria, further projects are under preparation in Iran, Israel, Egypt and Mexico. 13. A Global Market Initiative formed by the governments of 10 countries (Algeria, Egypt, Germany, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Spain, Nevada, Yemen) have agreed to establish the boundary conditions to generate a market of 5000 MW of concentrating solar power plants needed to become fully commercial 14. Market focuses are in the larger scale projects (80-300 MW), as well as in smaller systems (10-50 MW). The larger systems are thought to be appropriate for bulk power, and would be developed as fossil hybrids (generally natural gas). The smaller systems have a variety of potential sub-markets, including captive industrial power, distributed generation, or small independent grids. In some situations, these, too, would be hybrids. Electricity generation costs for these first plants are in the order of 15-20 cents/kWh in Southern Europe for 50 MW size systems. 15. Low cost thermal energy storage systems improve the revenues of a solar power plant significantly. Promising concepts are concrete storage for parabolic troughs or molten salt or packed beds for central receivers. Quartz sand may be a candidate for a future high temperature storage system for air receiver power towers. 16. In solar thermal concentrating plants for process heating at high-temperature level can be provided in receivers which have already been developed in a multi MW scale for high temperature heat generation: in central receiver systems at 500-1000 °C and in an experimental scale up to 2000 °C in parabolic dish concentrators and in solar furnaces. Thus it is useful to investigate whether such plants - besides of solar thermal power production - could effectively be used to produce chemical energy carriers like hydrogen or could help to meet the energy demand for the established high temperature processes in the primary industry. 17. For the near term future only niche industrial applications at high-temperature levels can be expected such, detoxification of specific hazardous wastes, or testing and treatment of materials. Whilst developing the first niche applications an intended effect is to establish specific know how in solar chemical engineering and to collect those experiences which are required to carry out solar chemical bulk processes. At the same time also further specific applications of solar radiation should be inspired. The feasibility of a solar chemical technology has been demonstrated in an engineering scale. 18. A longer term goal is to develop the technology for a bulk production of solar fuels (e.g. hydrogen) to address the increasing fuel demand of the transport sector specifically in the sun-belt countries, without their own fossil fuel resources (C) Attractiveness of solar high-temperature technologies 19. Solar thermal high-temperature technology is an option for sustainable electricity and fuel production, when costs are reduced by a factor of 3-5 compared with the present. Research infrastructures and pilot plant development are costly and would benefit from a European approach. 20. Europe currently has a leading role but this is in jeopardy from US and Japan. It is part of this vision that Europe should maintain its position as the world-leader of both the technological development and the commercial utilisation of solar thermal high- 109PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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