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temperature applications. EU-funding is necessary in order to keep Europe competitive in solar thermal high temperature technologies, and that would not otherwise be carried out. 21. The chances for the industries of the industrialized world are twofold: solar chemical techniques could be employed directly at locations in the industrialized countries if there is enough sun (e.g. in Southern Europe, in the Southern States of the U.S.A., in Israel, in Australia) or could be exported to non-industrialized or industrializing countries which have good solar conditions (e.g. North African countries, South Africa, Namibia, Arab countries, Mexico). In a future world economy these countries could export electricity or their fossil resources taking benefit form the increasing world market prices, whereas a major part of their own increasing demand could be covered by renewable options. (D) Priorities for augmented R&D 22. Current development needs are concentrated in: • Parabolic Trough Technology using Direct Steam Generation. • Central Receiver Systems (CRS) using molten salt or CRS using saturated steam. • CRS using atmospheric air, and CRS using pressurized air receiver and dish sterling systems. 23. Continuous demonstration of scaling steps of technology innovations are required to run down the cost curve. 24. Innovative approaches for further cost-reduction have partly proven their technical feasibility: • Efficiency improvements for direct steam generation for parabolic troughs or hot air for gas turbines in power towers. • Cost reduction up to 25%. • Approaches in hybrid power conversion. 25. Low cost thermal energy storage systems improve the revenues of a solar power plant significantly. Promising are concrete storage for parabolic troughs or molten salt or packed beds for central receivers. Quartz sand may be a candidate for a future high temperature storage system for air receiver power towers. 26. R&D priorities on concentrating solar technologies for power generation are: • Short- to medium-term research should focus on the improvements of modular components like concentrators, heliostats or modular receivers. These are essential cost drivers. Qualification of improved components can be done in existing CSP systems resulting in a low risk and relatively low cost qualification phase and a high development speed. • The main objective of medium- to long-term R&D is to develop high efficient solar combined cycle (always in conjunction with gas) for power production. This will allow to reduce costs significantly and reducing the need of cooling water thus increasing the solar power contributions significantly in Europe mainly South Europe. • Medium-to-long term research should also focus on thermal energy storage systems and the integration aspects of solar energy into larger more efficient power cycles. This development needs a number of scaling steps from the lab to the power plant thus requesting a longer development time and higher cost for the qualification of the concepts. Before starting such a development the consortium should be well 110PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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