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their blowing over large areas of water; part of their energy is converted into waves. Nearshore and mainly at the shoreline the wave power level is in general smaller than offshore because of wave breaking in shallow waters. Other phenomena such as refraction, and diffraction in indented coastlines, can cause significant resource variations alongshore on a scale of 1 km or much less, especially at the shoreline. Power of waves has been recognised for millennia by its destructive capacity, the possibility of harnessing it has also been a challenge. More than one thousand patents of wave energy devices have been filed since the end of the 18th century, but it was only after the first oil crisis in 1973 that the research and development on wave energy appropriate scientific background started. 5. Many wave energy devices have been proposed but few have reached demonstration. Prototypes of onshore, nearshore and offshore Oscillating Water Column systems deployed since 1985 have proven this technology, which is still being developed. Various offshore wave energy devices are reaching the prototype stage as well as devices to exploit the energy resource that marine currents contain. 6. Different types of wave energy devices are now developed and planned to be built in the near future in the framework of international co-operation in the IEA Ocean Energy Systems Programme. 7. Marine currents, caused by thermal differences in addition to tidal effects, is kinetic energy from the sea which can be harnessed using techniques similar in principle to those for extracting energy from the wind, by using submarine converters similar to “underwater windmills”. But this option is still relatively undeveloped. A number of studies have been completed on the energy potential of marine currents but there have been few on the engineering requirements for utilisation of this resource. The start up of the exploitation of the marine currents energy can make use of conventional engineering components and systems but development is required to achieve reliability and durability of the equipment at low operational and maintenance costs. The technique that has been mostly considered for the exploitation of marine currents is to use a turbine rotor, set normal to the flow direction that is mounted on the seabed or suspended from a floating platform. The development of technology for the exploitation of marine currents is also clearly processing: three prototypes are being tested now. 8. Salient gradient utilises the pressure difference arising between fresh water and sea water (Salinity Power). Large amounts of renewable energy can be extracted wherever freshwater from rivers and lakes meets the saltwater of the ocean. When freshwater and saltwater is separated by a proper membrane the freshwater will spontaneously migrate through the membrane and dilute the saltwater in the process known as osmosis. The flux of water through the membrane generates a hydrostatic pressure corresponding to a water head of 100 m or more which can be used to generate power in a hydropower turbine. Within osmosis power ocean salinity increases hydropower potential. This technology has an enormous unexploited power production potential world-wide. Estimates indicate a potential about 250 TWh per year in Europe and 2000 TWh globally. 9. The main objective of the EU-co-funded 3.4 MEUR Salinity Power project is the development of a cheap membrane with a long operating life in order to keep the cost for power down. Recent developments and results suggest that salinity power plant can be constructed with a very gentle environmental impact taking very good care of the local environment and biodiversity. Assuming realistic membrane performance and cost data it is expected that salinity power will be competitive with other emerging 115PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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