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10. (B) 11. 12. 13. (C) 14. 15. • • • • • (D) 16. 17. renewable energy sources such as off-shore wind power and biomass power generation when commercialised in about 5 to 10 years. Ocean Thermal Conversion uses the thermal gradient between surface water heated by solar radiation and the cold deep water. Ocean thermal energy systems (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC) have been up to now only test prototypes. Market situation and potential There are three tidal barrages around the world operated as a commercial power plant, amounting to a worldwide total of 260 MWel of installed capacity. These are based on mature hydropower technologies. Because of their environmental impact on local ecosystems they are not expected to be widely deployed. In the case of wave power there are currently two installations operated as commercial-testing installations, cumulating around 750 kWe l of peak power. The first commercial wave power plant is now installed near Povoa de Varcim, off Portugal’s northern cost, with a total capacity of 2.25 MW. Another 30 wave energy converters with an additional 20 MW will be signed and installed, if the results from the first plant will be positive. The private investor expects several hundred MW along the coast in this region. As there are no purely commercial ocean energy plants operating (aside from tidal barrage in which there is little interest in future development), learning curves and cost figures do not rest on existing experience, but on estimates. Attractiveness of ocean energy technologies Around 71% of the Earth’s land mass is covered by sea and oceans, and the potential opportunities to harvest the abundant renewable energy sources that these contain is vast, estimated between 1 – 10 TW globally. The estimated global resource for the 5 types of ocean energy are: Ocean wave: 8000 – 80000 TWh/year. Tidal: 200 TWh/year. Marine current: Up to 5 TW, 800 TWh/year. Salinity: 2000 TWh/year. Ocean thermal (OTEC): 10000 TWh/year. Priorities for augmented R&D Over the last twenty years, ocean energy developers received little R&D funding. For example, European Communities Framework Programme financed projects over that period for a total contribution of € 26 million (USD 34 million), equivalent to only 10% of the funding contributed towards photovoltaic projects. Increasing R&D funds will speed up the rate of development. The effort and finance put forward in the United Kingdom is already showing an increase in technical progress. Several concepts are envisaging full-scale demonstration prototypes around the British coast. 116PDF Image | Economic Perspectives of Renewable Energy Systems
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