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It comprises five vanes slotted into one rotor. The rotor rotates inside a larger circular cavity and the vanes maintain contact with the walls as the rotor rotates. The centres of these two circles are offset to create expansion cell volume. The vanes are allowed to slide in and out of the rotor. The volume of the vane chambers increase from the inlet to the outlet. The expander can be operated at a high rotation speed of up to 7,000 rpm and at a high pressure of up to 1.1 MPa. B. Experimental apparatus and method Fig. 4 shows the schematic diagram of the proposed ORC system that can potentially produce an expander power output of 50 W. Table I shows the principal specifications of the proposed system. Most of the system components except the expander are commercial items that were used without any particular modifications. HFC-245fa was used as the working fluid because it is a dry liquid and it provides relatively higher efficiency than other fluids in a low temperature range [9]. The critical temperature of HFC-245fa is 427.16 K (approximately 154°C), which is considerably higher than the highest operating temperature expected in the proposed system. A small diaphragm pump was used to circulate the working fluid. In the experiment, the volume flow rate of the working fluid was maintained constant (140 × 10–3 L/min) by adjusting the pump power. Water that was heated by an electric heater through circulation was used as the hot source. Tap water, which was made to flow into the condenser and out to the drain, was used as the cold source. The range of temperature difference between the hot source and the cold source was maintained at ΔT = 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C. Plate-type heat exchangers were used for both the evaporator and the condenser. The expander load was adjusted to measure the torque for various rotation speeds; the load adjustment was done by changing the number of electric bulbs connected to the load motor. At the same time, the evaporator pressure, condenser pressure, and working fluid pump power were also measured. All measurements were performed after the temperatures of the hot and cold sources became stable. C. Results and discussion Figs. 5 and 6 show the expander torque and power for ΔT = 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C as a function of expander rotation speed. The rotation speed at maximum torque and maximum power increased as ΔT increased. In the case of ΔT = 80°C, maximum torque and maximum power reached 115 N·mm and 32 W, respectively; similar results were obtained for the cases of ΔT = 60°C and 70°C. The maximum torque and power increment was caused by pressure difference PE − PC (PE and PC denote the pressure inside the evaporator and condenser, respectively), which is almost the same as the pressure difference between the Fig. 5 Relationship between expander torque and rotation speed for ΔT = 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2:1 2010 120 100 80 60 40 20 ∆Τ 60°C ∆Τ 70°C ∆Τ 80°C 0 2000 2400 2800 3200 Expander rotation speed nT [rpm] . 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000 2400 Τ 6 0 ° C Τ 7 0 ° C Τ 8 0 ° C 2800 3200 Expander rotation speed nT [rpm] 14 Fig. 6 Relationship between expander power and rotation speed for ΔT = 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.2 2000 2400 2800 3200 ∆Τ 60°C ∆Τ 70°C ∆Τ 80°C Expander rotation speed nT [rpm] Fig. 7 Pressure difference between PE and PC for ΔT = 60°C, 70°C, and 80° Pressure difference PE − PC [MPa] Expander torque [N mm] Expander output WT [W]PDF Image | Efficiency of Compact Organic Rankine Cycle System with Rotary-Vane-Type Expander for Low-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery
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