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Pathways for Utilization of CO2 CO2 can be utilized in three major pathways [1-3]: 1) as a storage medium for renewable energy, 2) as a feedstock for various chemicals, and 3) as a solvent or working fluid (Figure 1). The use of CO2 to convert solar energy into biomass and, from there, to various renewable fuels is now widely supported by industry and governments as a means to secure future energy supplies and to decrease net CO2 emissions to atmosphere. While the use of food crops, such as corn, as a source for biomass fuels will probably decrease in the future, second and third generation biofuels that are based on grasses and algae will increase in supply. It is expected that, by 2050, biomass-based sources will supply 200 – 500 exajoules per year or about 50 % of the world’s energy requirements [5]. It is anticipated that about 5 % of the world’s liquid fuel usage may arise from biomass, with a net CO2 reduction ranging from 20 to over 100 %, in comparison with conventional fuels over their lifecycles [7]. Figure 1. Different pathways for utilizing CO2. 4PDF Image | Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
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