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It has been estimated that by 2035, the world will produce 15 Gt/y of CO2 from burning liquid fuels [6]. Therefore, replacing about 5 % of liquid fuels with biofuel, and assuming a 50 % lifecycle reduction in CO2 emissions in comparison with petroleum-based fuel, has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by 0.4 Gt/y. In addition to generating biomass, CO2 can be converted via chemical and electrochemical processes to other energy storage chemicals, such as syngas, formic acid, methane, ethylene, methanol, and dimethyl ether (DME) [4]. Although it is more efficient to use the electrical energy derived from renewable power sources directly, their variability poses a problem for many industries. Furthermore, the distribution infrastructure for hydrocarbon fuel is well established. Finally, chemicals such as formic acid may be a useful storage medium for hydrogen that could be used in fuel cells or burned directly. An alternative pathway is to convert CO2 into chemical feedstock. The entire portfolio of commodity chemicals are currently manufactured from a few primary building blocks or platform chemicals in the fossil-based chemical industry. CO2 can be used as a source material and, utilizing renewable energy sources and water, can be converted into a similar suite of building block chemicals. Insertion of CO2 into epoxides to manufacture various polymeric materials is an exciting technology as it not only utilizes CO2, but also avoids using fossil feedstock and creating CO2 emissions. It has been estimated that the various chemical conversion pathways can consume approximately 0.3 to 0.7 Gt/y of CO2 [8]. Conversion of CO2 into inorganic minerals that may be used in building materials is being pursued by some companies [9]. This involves a combination of electrochemical reactions to generate the alkaline reactant and necessary mineralization reactions. Initial estimates suggest that even if 10 % of the world’s building materials were to be replaced by such a source, consumption of 1.6Gt/y CO2 would result [8]. CO2 can also be used in various processes without first converting it into other chemical forms. The injection of supercritical CO2 into depleted oil wells to enhance the further recovery of oil is well established. Indeed, this is presently the only commercially viable technology for carbon capture and storage (CCS). It has been estimated that CO2 injection can increase oil recovery from a depleting well by about 10 to 20 % of the original oil in place. Similarly, CO2 can be used to recover methane from unmined coal seams. It has been estimated that in the U.S. alone, 89 billion barrels of oil could technically be recovered using CO2, leading to a storage of 16 Gt of CO2 in the depleted oil reservoirs [10]. The use of supercritical CO2 as a solvent in processing many chemicals (e.g., flavor extraction) is also well established. New uses of supercritical CO2 in chemical processing are emerging, and have the added benefit of reducing water usage. Supercritical CO2 is also being explored as a heat transfer fluid for some geothermal applications. These non-conversion methods of utilization constitute a significant fraction of the total CO2 emissions. 5PDF Image | Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
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