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Although there are many pathways for CO2 utilization, this position paper details DNV’s efforts in electrochemical reduction of CO2. The electrochemical method has several advantages: 1. Extensive research during the last several decades has yielded high selectivity, low cost, heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 electrochemical reduction to various useful products for aqueous reaction systems [11-27]. 2. Electrochemical conversion can be performed at room temperature and ambient pressure. 3. If the supporting electrolytes are fully recycled and the anode reactions can be performed using waste water, then the overall chemical consumption can be minimized to just water or wastewater. 4. A renewable source of electricity can be used to drive the process, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal, and thermoelectric processes. Therefore this method can also be used as a renewable electricity storage mechanism; it converts the electrical energy to chemical energy by producing fuels from CO2, such as methanol and formic acid. The stored energy can be released later for end- use by oxidization of the fuels through fuel cells or normal fuel-burning engines. 5. Electrochemical conversion can be augmented using light energy or solar thermal energy. 6. The electrochemical reaction system is modular and thus scale-up is relatively simple. 7. In general, the electrochemical systems have a compact design. Using metal or alloy electrodes/catalysts, various products can be produced by electrochemical reduction of CO2, including carbon monoxide (CO), formic acid (HCOOH), oxalates (C2O4-), hydrocarbons (e.g., ethylene C2H4), and alcohols (e.g., methanol, CH3OH). DNV selected the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate/ Formic Acid (ECFORM) as the process for comprehensive evaluation of the technical feasibility for CO2 utilization because commercialization of this process was considered to be most likely to be profitable. As mentioned previously, formic acid can be a useful storage medium for hydrogen that could be used in fuel cells or burned directly. As shown in Figure 4, the energy density of formic acid, via its use in a formic acid fuel cell, is quite attractive in comparison with other storage methods. The recoverable energy density that would be available via the combustion of methanol, ethylene, or methane, or the use of formic acid in fuel cells, is higher than conventional energy storage technologies, as shown in Figure 2. Note that the vertical axis is log scale. 6 Figure 2. Products created from electrochemical CO2 conversion processes have significantly more energy density than other energy storage technologies.PDF Image | Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
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