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Value Chain Analyses Analysis of the CO2 utilization processes can be conducted in terms of cradle-to-grave CO2 emission (lifecycle analysis or LCA) or a source-to-gate analysis, in which the boundaries start with the source of CO2 and end with the product that is delivered by a given process. The latter analysis, referred to here as value chain analysis (VCA) is convenient for understanding the net CO2 emitted in a given utilization process, since the product delivered is no different from that made by utilizing fossil fuel. Most importantly (and unlike LCA), VCA also computes the net present value of the process. Thus, VCA provides an opportunity for comparing any new process with conventional processes, as well as indicating future developmental work that could be targeted in an economically meaningful way. The VCA model that we developed for the ECFORM process can be readily modified for analysis of other CO2 utilization processes. Most CO2 utilization processes require mixed gas collection from the emissions’ source. If the exhaust source contains additional gases (such as nitrogen, sulfur, or nitrogen oxides), some additional purification or capture of the CO2 will be needed. The delivery of the mixed exhaust gas to the capture stage, and the capture process itself, requires inputs of energy and/or consumables, and these must be included in the total VCA. Once the purified CO2 has been diverted to the conversion process, this delivery may also require further energy inputs. Finally, the conversion process itself will have energy and consumables inputs. The entire value chain can be compared with direct emissions (with or without fines), carbon capture and storage (CCS), or with conventional processes for manufacturing the same product. Multiple scenarios can be computed, and these can include carbon taxes (if any), energy costs, consumables, and the value of the final product, such that the total impact of these factors on the profitability and net present value of the investment into the CO2 conversion process can be assessed. Figure 10. The CO2 value chain is modular and applicable to multiple processes Emissions’ source and gas delivery DNV has analyzed emissions’ scenarios and sources, ranging from the size and scale of a coal-fired power plant to point sources within a petrochemical refinery. The electrochemical CO2 conversion process has been tested via the model and demonstrates the greatest probability of profitability occurs when the following conditions are met: - the CO2 is delivered in pure or mostly-pure form; - process heat or other renewable energy forms are available; - process volumes are manageable (<100 tons per day); - electrolyte consumables are significantly reduced or completely eliminated; - opportunities for other energy management scenarios are available. 12PDF Image | Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
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