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Figure 11. Reaction pathways that are heavily dependent on consumables drive the profitability of the reaction in the negative direction, more so than by the energy costs. When the above conditions are met, the profitability, energy balance, and carbon balance of the CO2 conversion process become most sensitive to the parameters of the conversion process itself. CO2 Separation, Capture, and Delivery Because of the conditions described previously, the separation, capture, and delivery of CO2 to the conversion process are considered separately and independently from the CO2 conversion process. The availability of already captured or purified CO2 will affect the profitability of the process. The energy penalty for a coal plant capturing CO2 (not including transport and storage) ranges from 0.2 to 0.35 MWh/t of CO2 captured. This represents about 5 to 10 % of the energy required for conversion on a kWh/ton basis, as ECFORM requires approximately 2.5 to 4 MWh/ ton of converted CO2. The difference between ECFORM Figure 12. Reaction pathways that minimize consumables become more dominated by energy, which must be effectively managed. and the CCS process is that whereas ECFORM produces a useful product, CCS does not. Therefore ECFORM is an energy conversion process. There are other possible CO2 separation and sequestration technologies that could lower these energy requirements. CO2 Conversion Based on different chemical reaction routes, the profitability of the CO2 conversion process depends not only on the value of the final products, but also on the energy and consumables that are required to support the electrochemical reaction. As shown in Figure 11, if the process requires additional chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, to support the reactions, then the net present value of the reaction is largely negatively driven by these consumables, on top of the already substantial energy demands. 13PDF Image | Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
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