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The future CO2 utilization is being increasingly recognized as a method by which global CO2 emissions can be reduced in an economical manner. This is especially true for industries, such as refineries, which cannot implement CCS economically. Considerable research is being conducted in many directions to further the economic viability of processes that utilize CO2. Biomass conversion to fuels is perhaps the most intensively pursued route, not only to mitigate CO2 emissions, but also to secure alternative fuel supply. Conversion of cellulosic biomass into alcohols and algae into biodiesel or other hydrocarbon fuel is predicted to become extensively adopted in the coming decade. Lifecycle assessments of these fuel sources demonstrate considerable reductions in CO2 emissions compared with petroleum fuels. However, their present economic viability is dependent on government subsidies. Several companies are pursuing thermochemical conversion of CO2 into chemical feedstock or polymers. Research and development are currently focused towards reducing the temperature of conversion, increasing catalyst life, and decreasing the use of consumables. Conversion of CO2 into minerals has advanced significantly, with at least one company claiming commercial viability for large-scale deployment. Carbon policies that impose a significant increase in carbon prices are necessary to sustain these efforts until they can become economically viable. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical conversion routes will come to the fore in the next decade. Current research is yielding catalysts with long-term performance characteristics and low energy use, but significant technical advances are still needed for large-scale use. Electrochemical conversion promises to be deployable in many systems, because of its low footprint, its scalability, its fungible use of electricity, and its ability to produce many end products. The combination of the electrochemical process with grid-based ancillary services can make these processes economically viable, even without a carbon tax. DNV will continue its efforts in improving the ECFORM technology, particularly making it more robust and economically viable, and explore opportunities for customizing CO2 utilization methods for industrial applications. All these technologies will rely on efficient carbon capture, as many industrial sources produce dispersed and dilute effluents containing CO2. Just as integrated biorefineries have come to characterize the use of multiple technologies to make an array of products from biomass, multiple technologies for utilizing CO2 in interconnected systems, tailored to a given application,maybethepathaheadforfuturesustainable management of CO2. 16PDF Image | Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
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