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Chapter 9 EnergySector Fundamentals: Economic Analysis, Projections, and Supply Curves 9.2 Baseload Electricity Options 9.3 Transmission Access 9.4 Forecasting Baseload Needs Steamelectric (thermal) generating units are the typical source of baseload power. A significant fraction of North American baseload power is provided by fossil fuels such as coal, which are burned in a boiler to produce steam. Nuclear plants use nuclear fission as the heat source to make steam. Geothermal or solarthermal energy can also be used to produce steam. The expected thermal efficiency of fossilfueled steamelectric plants is about 33% to 35%. In the case of fossilfired plants, waste heat is emitted from the plant either directly into the atmosphere, through a cooling tower, or into water bodies for cooling where a pump brings the residual water from the condenser back to the boiler. In the case of geothermal power, condensed geofluid is used for cooling water makeup and the residual water is reinjected into the well system. Because geothermal power plants are usually operated as baseload units, we include a detailed assessment of the state of U.S. electrical supply and demand to illustrate how EGS plants would complement the existing and projected supply system. This discussion is found in Appendix A.9.1. Access to the electricity grid and, ultimately, the market is a key cost consideration for geothermal projects.9 The necessary power transmission system involves the transportation of large blocks of power over relatively long distances from a central generating station to main substations close to major load centers, or from one central station to another for load sharing. 95 Highvoltage transmission lines are used because they require less surface area for a given carrying power capacity, and result in less line loss. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), in the United States, investorowned utilities (IOUs) own 73% of the transmission lines, federally owned utilities own 13%, and public utilities and cooperative utilities own 14%. Not all utilities own transmission lines (i.e., they are not vertically integrated), and no independent power producers or power marketers own transmission lines. Over the years, these transmission lines have evolved into three major networks (power grids), which include smaller groupings or power pools. The major networks consist of extrahighvoltage connections between individual utilities, designed to permit the transfer of electrical energy from one part of the network to another. These transfers are restricted, on occasion, because of a lack of contractual arrangements or because of inadequate transmission capability. Power generated from geothermal plants of all kinds is delivered as alternating current (AC) power,10 which is suitable for dispatch by grid operators or for wheeling to other demand locations. Bulk transmission is also an option when costs of power are low enough, to distant markets via direct current11 (DC) transmission facilities. Distances of more than 1,000 miles combined with a threshold of 1,000 MWe are typically necessary to justify the costs of service obtained by using DC lines. Forecasting demand for an electric utility is critical for delivering reliable power, for estimating future costs, and for encouraging new investment. In the past, power system operators relied on straightline extrapolations of historical energy consumption trends. However, given inflation withPDF Image | Energy Sector Fundamentals
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