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INTERACTIONS: ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT – Environmental Effects of Geothermal Power - S. J. Goff, P. Brophy, F. Goff 80 million barrels of petroleum annually) are produced from geothermal systems worldwide. Most geothermal systems are liquid-dominated. Liquid-dominated reservoirs have maximum temperatures of ≤370°C and have widely ranging salinities. When fluid is produced from wells, it must be depressurizd (flashed) to produce steam for the turbines. This is done under controlled conditions with large steam separators. Approximately 80% of the fluid is liquid water that must be disposed, usually by reinjection. As steam separates, noncondensable gases, such as CO2, H2S, and NH3, partition into the steam phase, and the residual brine becomes more concentrated in most chemical species. Country Electrical Country DirectUse (MWe)b United States 2850 Philippines 1780 Mexico 743 Italy 742 Indonesia 589 Japan 530 New Zealand 364 El Salvador 105 Nicaragua 70 Costa Rica 65 Total of Leaders 7838 Total Worldwide 8029 Leaders (percent) 98 (MWt)c United States 2000 China 1914 Iceland 1443 Japan 1159 Hungary 750 Italy 314 France 309 New Zealand 264 Georgia 245 Russian Federation 210 Total of Leaders 8608 Total Worldwide 9963 Leaders (percent) 86 a. For electrical generation and direct-use applications. b. MWe = megawatts electrical. c. MWt = megawatts thermal; 1 MWe ≈ 7MWt. Source: Goff, F., and C. J. Janik, in press. “Geothermal Systems, Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, (B. Houghton, H. Rymer, J. Stix, and S. McNutt, Eds.), Academic Press, Inc., Chapter 51. Table 1. Ten World Leaders in Installed Geothermal Capacitya (Late 1998) In addition to liquid-dominated reservoirs, there are vapor-dominated reservoirs. Vapor- dominated reservoirs are the most prized because, in contrast to liquid-dominated reservoirs, virtually all produced fluid is piped to the power turbines. Only five such systems are known: Larderello (Italy), The Geysers (USA), Matssukawa (Japan), and Kamojang and Darajat (Indonesia). These five fields contain about 35% of the world’s geothermal electrical capacity. The Geysers, the world’s largest commercial geothermal system, produced a maximum of about 1700 MWe in the mid-1980s. Figure 2 shows power generation schemes for both liquid- and vapor-dominated reservoirs. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERSPDF Image | Environmental Effects of Geothermal Power
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