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INTERACTIONS: ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT – Environmental Effects of Geothermal Power - S. J. Goff, P. Brophy, F. Goff Figure 2. Power generation schemes for liquid- and vapor-dominated dominated reservoirs. There are five principal types of geothermal systems, based on geologic, geophysical, hydrologic, and engineering criteria. The first three types—young igneous systems, tectonic systems, and geopressured systems—exploit natural reservoirs of hot water and are generically called hydrothermal systems. The second two types—hot dry rock and magma tap—require pumping a fluid, generally water, into the ground and then out again to extract heat. Technically feasible under certain conditions, these two systems are commercially impractical under current economic conditions. 1.2.1. Young Igneous Systems Young igneous systems are associated with Quarternary volcanism and magmatic intrusions. About 95% of volcanic activity occurs along plate boundaries and within hot spots. Such environments are usually associated with major tectonic activity and seismicity. Fluids derive their heat from the margins of crystallizing or recently crystallized magma. These geothermal systems are generally the hottest (≤370°C), and reservoir depths are commonly ≤1.5 km. 1.2.2. Tectonic Systems Tectonic systems are those that have elevated heat flow but that are essentially devoid of igneous activity. They occur in back-arc environments, regions of crustal extension, collision zones, and along faults zones of any displacement or length. Tectonic systems are usually associated with elevated seismicity due to Quarternary faulting and with elevated heat flow due to thin crust. Deep circulation of fluids into the crust and ascent of these fluids along faults move heat upward into favorable geologic structures. Tectonic systems capable of generating electricity usually have reservoir temperatures ≤250°C and occur at depths ≥1.5 km. 1.2.3. Geopressured Systems ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERSPDF Image | Environmental Effects of Geothermal Power
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