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INTERACTIONS: ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT – Environmental Effects of Geothermal Power - S. J. Goff, P. Brophy, F. Goff Geopressured systems are found in sedimentary basins where subsidence and deep burial of fluid-bearing strata have formed hot, “over-pressured” reservoirs. Wells drilled into geopressured reservoirs exhibit very high artesian pressures. Heat flow and seismicity range from comparatively low to normal. Most systems of this type have characteristics resembling oil and gas fields. Geopressured systems often require deeper drilling than young igneous and tectonic systems. Typical depths and temperatures are 1.5 to 3 km and 50°C to 190°C. 1.3. Outline of Environmental Issues Geothermal power is a relatively benign source of energy. For the most part, the impacts of development are positive. Worldwide geothermal energy utilization increases yearly because it is an attractive alternative to burning imported and domestic fossil fuels. However, geothermal development could have certain negative impacts if appropriate mitigation actions and monitoring plans are not in place. Any large-scale construction and drilling operation will produce visual impacts on the landscape, create noise and wastes, and affect local economies. Some countries have strict environmental regulations regarding some of the impacts associated with geothermal development, and others do not. Environmental issues usually addressed during the development of geothermal fields include air quality, water quality, waste disposal, geologic hazards, noise, biological resources, and land use issues. 2. Air Quality 2.1. Introduction Air quality impacts from geothermal development depend on the chemical composition of the geothermal steam, existing air quality, baseline meteorological conditions, resource temperature, resource type (steam, two-phase, hot water), terrain, and number of geothermal emission sources and their spatial and temporal distribution. 2.2. Air Quality of Geothermal Plants Compared with Fossil Fuel Power Plants There are several significant differences between air quality issues of geothermal power plants and those of conventional power plants. The differences include the extent of particulate emissions, generation of acid rain, and contributions to global warming. Fossil-fuel power plants using wet cooling towers have significantly greater particulate emissions when they use make-up water high in total dissolved solids (TDS). Because geothermal power plants use low-TDS condensed steam for cooling tower make-up water, the resulting particulate emission rates from geothermal cooling towers are very low. Geothermal power plants also have lower total sulfur emissions than their fossil fuel counterparts. Studies from The Geysers geothermal field in California have shown that no acid rain effects are occurring in that region. Compared with fossil-fuel power plants, the geothermal plant itself emits no nitrous oxides or sulfur oxides and only relatively small quantities of CO2. In most hydrothermal systems, noncondensable gases make up less than 5% by weight of the steam phase (Table 2). Carbon dioxide is the dominant (over 90% by weight) constituent of these gases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and methane are the other common gases. For the same output ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERSPDF Image | Environmental Effects of Geothermal Power
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