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The power plant is based upon the 30 MWe pilot plant in Schwarze Pumpe (Germany) and has an electrical efficiency of about 45 percent [10]. In contrast to [10,11] the carbon dioxide is captured but not compressed. 3.3. Electricity production through an Organic Rankine Cycle. In the third option, see Fig. 3, the LNG cold is used for electricity production through an ORC like presented in [5,6]. After performing calcu- lations with several working fluids (nitrogen, methane, ethylene and ethane), ethane appeared to be the most suitable working fluid for the ORC. In this option the LNG is first compressed to 39 bars and subsequently evaporated and compressed to 72 bars. Seawater acts as the ‘high’ temperature heat source (10 °C). Fig. 4. Analysed overall system with a net electricity production of 27 PJ. With regard to the economic comparison it is assumed that the nitrogen needed in the first and last options is bought from another company instead of taking into account the investment costs involved with building a new air separation unit. 4.2. Consequences of integration In general, integration of installations and processes results in lower costs and higher efficiencies, but has the disadvantage of inter- dependency of the installations. One of the issues that has to be dealt with is the continuous operation of the power plant and the discontinuity in the send-out of the LNG terminal. It is expected that the LNG terminal will send out natural gas about 60 percent of the time, depending on the weather conditions. Apart from the discontinuous operation of the LNG terminal, the integrated facilities will need back-up installations to overcome an (unexpected) shut-down of a connected installation. Of the three options, the oxy-fuel option is clearly the most vulnerable with regard to the dependency between the (sub)installations. The option in which LNG cold is used for electricity production through an ORC is considered to be the most independent. The other option, in which waste heat of the power plant is used for LNG evaporation, comes in between with regard to the inter- dependency. It is unknown which option is preferred with regard to the availability and reliability of the options. 4.3. Environmental impact The environmental impact of the three options is presented in Table 1. Of every option the coal use, the emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulphur oxides and the excess amount of waste heat are presented. With the ‘excess amount of waste heat’ the cooling water originating from the power plant is meant that is not applied for heating Fig. 3. Combination with electricity production through an ORC. 4. Analysis and results 4.1. Starting points The data used for the analysis originate from the literature mentioned in paragraph 3, completed with calculations and estimates made by the authors. To be able to make a fair comparison of the three options, the overall products and feedstocks are the same for each option. The analysed overall system is depicted in Fig. 4. On a yearly basis each option delivers 27 PJ of electricity, based on a 1000 MWe coal-fired power plant, and 12 Mtons of G-gas. The 27 PJ of electricity is the net amount of electricity produced; the electricity consumption of processes like LNG compression and air separation has been accounted for. In each option the carbon dioxide is captured for reasons of comparability of the three options. The carbon dioxide is not compressed. In: D. Favrat & F. Maréchal (eds.), ECOS2010: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation, and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, 14 – 17 June 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland, Volume II, pp. 441-446.PDF Image | Exergy Efficient Application of LNG Cold
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