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purposes elsewhere in the analysed option. The temperature of the emitted waste heat is about 17.5 °C. Other kinds of environmental impact, like noise, have not yet been taken into account. Table 1. Environmental impact of the three options. According to Fig. 5, the oxy-fuel option is preferred to the other two options when the costs of back-up installations are neglected. 4.5. Exergy analysis Figure 6 presents the results of the exergy analysis of the three options investigated. The overall exergy loss is defined as the exergy amount of the feedstocks minus the exergy amount of the products. In this case the exergy amount of the feedstocks is equal to the exergy value of the coal used plus the physical exergy value of the LNG. The exergy amount of the products is equal to the net amount of electricity produced plus the physical exergy value of the G-gas that is produced. Per year Coal [Mtons] CO2 [Mtons] NOx [tons] SOx [tons] Waste heat [PJ] Waste heat 2.9 1.0 1.4 11 22 Oxy-fuel ORC 2.6 2.7 0.3 0.9 0 1.3 0 11 21 29 Apart from the environmental impact presented in Table 1, each option results in approximately 5.6 Mtons of carbon dioxide being captured as well as 0.3 Mtons of ash. From an environmental point of view the oxy-fuel option is preferred. The ORC option seems to have a lower environmental impact than the waste heat option, with exception of the amount of wastewater produced. 4.4. Financial aspects The capital and operational costs have been estimated from the data in [3,10,12-14]. The costs of the back-up installations as mentioned in paragraph 4.2 have not been accounted for. The same holds for the costs and revenues related to the purchase of LNG and sale of the resulting natural gas respectively. It is assumed that the costs and revenues related to the purchase and sale of nitrogen and oxygen and the costs related to carbon dioxide emissions are negligible compared to the other operational costs. Figure 5 gives an overview of the indicative capital and operational costs, with price level of about 2006. waste heat oxy-fuel ORC OpEx [M€/year] CapEx [M€] Fig. 6. Results of the exergy analysis. Figure 6 makes clear that the oxy-fuel option is preferred, followed by the ORC option. The waste heat option is the least favourable option. 5. Conclusions According to the exergy analysis, the oxy-fuel option is preferred, followed by the ORC option. The oxy-fuel option is the option with the lowest environmental impact as well. With regard to the interdependency between the various (sub)instal- lations, the oxy-fuel option is the most vulnerable. The oxy-fuel option seems to be less expensive than the other two options when the costs of back- up installations are neglected. Apart from the vulnerability with regard to the dependency between the (sub)installations, a careful conclusion could be drawn that the option that causes the lowest exergy loss, is the most sustainable option as well. However, because of the uncertainty in mainly the capital and operational costs, a more detailed analysis is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn upon the effects of involving exergy analysis in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Overall exergy loss [PJ/year] waste heat oxy-fuel ORC Fig. 5. Financial aspects (indicative numbers) without taking into account the costs of back-up installations. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Capital and operational expenses [million euros] In: D. Favrat & F. Maréchal (eds.), ECOS2010: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation, and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, 14 – 17 June 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland, Volume II, pp. 441-446. 54 49 45PDF Image | Exergy Efficient Application of LNG Cold
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