PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 004
Chapter 8 Environmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria 8.2 Potential Environmental Impacts from Geothermal Development 8.2.1 Gaseous emissions Gaseous emissions result from the discharge of noncondensable gases (NCGs) that are carried in the source stream to the power plant. For hydrothermal installations, the most common NCGs are carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), although species such as methane, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia are often encountered in low concentrations. In the United States, emissions of H2S – distinguished by its “rotten egg” odor and detectable at 30 parts per billion – are strictly regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to avoid adverse impacts on plant and human life. We expect that for most EGS installations, there will be lower amounts of dissolved gases than are commonly found in hydrothermal fluids. Consequently, impacts would be lower and may not even require active treatment and control. Nonetheless, for completeness, we review here the situation encountered today for managing gaseous emissions from hydrothermal plants. Emissions are managed through process design. In steam and flash plants, naturally occurring NCGs in the production fluid must be removed to avoid the buildup of pressure in the condenser and the resultant loss in power from the steam turbine (see Figures 7.5 and 7.6). The vent stream of NCGs can be chemically treated and/or scrubbed to remove H2S, or the NCGs can be recompressed and injected back into the subsurface with the spent liquid stream from the power plant. Both of these solutions require power, thereby increasing the parasitic load and reducing the plant output and efficiency. Binary plants avoid this problem because such plants only recover heat from the source fluid stream by means of a secondary working fluid stream. The source geofluid stream is reinjected without releasing any of the noncondensables. The selection of a particular H2S cleanup process from many commercially available ones will depend on the specific amounts of contaminants in the geofluid stream and on the established gaseous emissions standards at the plant site. So far in the United States, there are no standards to be met for the emission of CO2 because the United States has not signed the Kyoto agreement. Nevertheless, geothermal steam and flash plants emit much less CO2 on an electrical generation basis (per megawatthour) than fossilfueled power plants, and binary plants emit essentially none. The concentrations of regulated pollutants – nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) – in the gaseous discharge streams from geothermal steam and flash plants are extremely minute. Table 8.1 shows a comparison of typical geothermal plants with other types of power plants (Kagel et al., 2005). The data indicate that geothermal plants are far more environmentally benign than the other conventional plants. It should be noted that the NOx at The Geysers comes from the combustion process used to abate H2S in some of the plants; most geothermal steam plants do not rely on combustion for H2S abatement and therefore emit no NOx at all. 85PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
PDF Search Title:
Geothermal Environmental EffectsOriginal File Name Searched:
egs_chapter_8.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |