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Chapter 8 Environmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria Table 8.1 Gaseous emissions from various power plants. Plant type CO SO NO Particulates 22x kg/MWh kg/MWh kg/MWh kg/MWh Coalfired 994 4.71 1.955 1.012 Oilfired 758 5.44 1.814 N.A. Gasfired 550 0.0998 1.343 0.0635 Hydrothermal – flashsteam, 27.2 0.1588 0 0 liquid dominated Hydrothermal – The Geysers dry 40.3 0.000098 0.000458 negligible steam field Hydrothermal – closedloop binary 0 0 0 negligible EPA average, all U.S. plants 631.6 2.734 1.343 N.A. 8.2.2 Water pollution 86 8.2.3 Solids emissions N.A. = not available Liquid streams from well drilling, stimulation, and production may contain a variety of dissolved minerals, especially for hightemperature reservoirs (>230°C). The amount of dissolved solids increases significantly with temperature. Some of these dissolved minerals (e.g., boron and arsenic) could poison surface or ground waters and also harm local vegetation. Liquid streams may enter the environment through surface runoff or through breaks in the well casing. Surface runoff is controlled by directing fluids to impermeable holding ponds and by injection of all waste streams deep underground. To guard against fluids leaking into shallow freshwater aquifers, well casings are designed with multiple strings to provide redundant barriers between the inside of the well and the adjacent formation. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor wells during drilling and subsequent operation, so that any leakage through casing failures can be rapidly detected and managed. In principle, EGS operations are subject to the same possibility for subsurface contamination through casing defects, but there is little chance for surface contamination during plant operation because all the produced fluid is reinjected. Of course, a catastrophic failure of a surface pipeline could lead to contamination of a limited area until isolation valves are activated and seal off the affected pipeline. There is practically no chance for contamination of surface facilities or the surrounding area by the discharge of solids per se from the geofluid. The only conceivable situation would be an accident associated with a fluid treatment or minerals recovery system that somehow failed in a catastrophic manner and spewed removed solids onto the area. There are no functioning mineral recovery facilities of this type at any geothermal plant – although one was piloted for a short time near the Salton Sea in southern California – and it is not envisioned that any such facility would be associated with an EGS plant. Precautions, however, would need to be in place should the EGS circulating fluid require chemical treatment to remove dissolved solids, which could be toxic and subject to regulated disposal and could plug pathways in the reservoir.PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
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