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8.2.4 Noise pollution Environmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria 8.2.5 Land use Chapter 8 Noise from geothermal operations is typical of many industrial activities (DiPippo, 1991a). The highest noise levels are usually produced during the well drilling, stimulation, and testing phases when noise levels ranging from about 80 to 115 decibels Aweighted (dBA) may occur at the plant fence boundary. During normal operations of a geothermal power plant, noise levels are in the 71 to 83 decibel range at a distance of 900 m (DiPippo, 2005). Noise levels drop rapidly with distance from the source, so that if a plant is sited within a large geothermal reservoir area, boundary noise should not be objectionable. If necessary, noise levels could be reduced further by the addition of mufflers or other soundproofing means but at added cost. For comparison, congested urban areas typically have noise levels of about 70 to 85 decibels, and noise levels next to a major freeway are around 90 decibels. A jet plane just after takeoff produces noise levels of about 120 to 130 decibels. Gathering pipelines are usually mounted on stanchions, so that most of the area could be used for farming, pasture, or other compatible use (see Figure 8.1). The footprint of the power plant, cooling 87 towers, and auxiliary buildings and substation is relatively modest. Holding ponds for temporary discharges (during drilling or well stimulation) can be sizeable but represent only a small fraction of the total well field. During normal operations, there are three main sources of noise: the transformer, the power house, and the cooling tower. Because the latter is a relatively tall structure and the noise emanates from the fans that are located at the top, these can be the primary source of noise during routine operation. Air cooled condensers employ numerous cells, each fitted with a fan, and are worse from a noise perspective than water cooling towers, which are smaller and use far fewer cells for a given plant rating. Because EGS plants will likely be located in regions where water may be in short supply, they may require aircooling, and proper attention may be needed to muffle the sound from their aircooled condensers. Land footprints for hydrothermal power plants vary considerably by site because the properties of the geothermal reservoir fluid and the best options for waste stream discharge (usually reinjection) are highly sitespecific. Typically, the power plant is built at or near the geothermal reservoir because long transmission lines degrade the pressure and temperature of the geofluid. Although well fields can cover a considerable area, typically 5 to 10 km2 or more, the well pads themselves will only cover about 2% of the area. With directionaldrilling techniques, multiple wells can be drilled from a single pad to minimize the total wellhead area.PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
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