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Environmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria Chapter 8 Well drilling, reservoir stimulation, and circulation. Water is required during well drilling to provide bit cooling and rock chip removal. This water (actually a mixture of water and chemicals) is recirculated after being cooled and strained. Makeup water is required to compensate for evaporation losses during cooling. It is expected that in most advanced EGS applications, surface water will be needed to both stimulate and operate the reservoir (i.e., the underground heat exchanger) and produce the circulation patterns needed. The quantity of hydrothermal fluids naturally contained in the formation is likely to be very limited, particularly in formations with low natural permeability and porosity. In the western part of the United States, where water resources are in high demand, water use for geothermal applications will require careful management and conservation practice. The water may be taken from a nearby highflow stream or river, if available, or collected in a temporary surface reservoir during the rainy season. Sometimes, local streams may be dammed and diverted. In some EGS resource areas, water treatment will be needed to ensure sufficient quality for reinjection and reuse or to remove potentially hazardous contaminants that might be dissolved or suspended in the circulating geofluid or cooling water. It is necessary to coordinate water use during field development with other local water demands for agricultural or other purposes. Fluids produced from the reservoir. Production of geofluids from a hydrothermal reservoir for use in power or thermal energy generation can lower the water table, adversely affect nearby geothermal natural features (e.g., geysers, springs, and spas), create hydrothermal (phreatic) eruptions, increase the steam zone, allow saline intrusions, or cause subsidence. EGS systems are designed to avoid these impacts by balancing fluid production with recharge. In principle, EGS systems may be approximated as “closedloop” systems whereby energy is extracted from the hot fluid produced by production wells (namely, a heat exchanger for binary plants) and cooled fluid is reinjected through injection wells. However, the circulation system is not exactly closed because water is lost to the formation; this lost water must be made up from surface water supplies. Cooling water for heat rejection. Cooling water is generally used for condensation of the plant working fluid. The waste heat can be dissipated to the atmosphere through cooling towers if makeup water is available. Water from a nearby river or other water supply can also serve as a heat sink. There are opportunities for recovering heat from these waste fluids (and possibly from the brine stream) in associated activities such as fish farms or greenhouses. An alternative to watercooling is the technique of aircooling using electric motordriven fans and heat exchangers. This approach is particularly useful where the supply of fresh water is limited, and is currently used mainly for binary power plants (see Chapter 7). While aircooled condensers eliminate the need for fresh makeup water that would be required for wet cooling towers, they occupy large tracts of land owing to the poor heat transfer properties of air vs. water. This greatly increases the land area needed for heat rejection compared to a plant of the same power rating that uses a wet cooling tower. For example, in the case of the 15.5 MW bottoming binary plant at the Miravalles field in Costa Rica, a design comparison between a watercooling tower and an aircooled condenser showed that the aircooled condenser would cost more than three times as much, weigh more than twoandahalf times as much, cover about three times as much surface area, and consume about three times more fan power than a watercooling tower (Moya and DiPippo, 2006). 811PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
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