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Chapter 8 Environmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria 8.2.10 Disturbance of natural hydrothermal manifestations 8.2.11 Disturbanceofwildlifehabitat,vegetation,andscenicvistas The environmental impacts of waste heat rejection into the atmosphere or water bodies can be minimized through intelligent design and the use of welldeveloped technologies; but the amount of heat that must be dissipated is controlled by the laws of thermodynamics. 812 Although numerous cases can be cited of the compromising or total destruction of natural hydrothermal manifestations such as geysers, hot springs, mud pots, etc. by geothermal developments (Jones, 2006; Keam et al., 2005), EGS projects will generally be sited in non hydrothermal areas and will not have the opportunity to interfere with such manifestations. For EGS facilities sited at the margins of existing hydrothermal plants where manifestations might be present, reservoir simulations should be performed to gauge the possible effects on those surface thermal features of drilling new wells and operating the EGS plant. However, because there is no “drawdown” in the traditional sense of an existing water table for an EGS system, it is unlikely that normal operations will have a significant effect on them. Problems related to loss of habitat or disturbance of vegetation are relatively minor or nonexistent at hydrothermal projects in the United States. Given the relatively small area taken out of the environment for geothermal operations, these potential impacts can be minimized with proper planning and engineering. It is difficult to imagine an EGS development causing more of an impact on wildlife and vegetation than a hydrothermal project. Furthermore, an Environmental Impact Statement must be filed before any permits can be granted for a geothermal project, and any potential impact in this area would have to be addressed. It is undeniable that any power generation facility constructed where none previously existed will alter the view of the landscape. Urban plants, while objectionable to many for other reasons, do not stand out as abruptly as a plant in a flat agricultural region or one on the flank of a volcano. Many geothermal plants are in these types of areas, but with care and creativity can be designed to blend into the surroundings. Avoiding locations of particular natural beauty is also important, whether or not the land is nationally or locally protected. EGS developments will be no different than conventional hydrothermal plant developments, in that the design of the facility must comply with all local siting requirements. The development of a geothermal field can involve the removal of trees and brush to facilitate the installation of the power house, substation, well pads, piping, emergency holding ponds, etc. However, once a geothermal plant is built, reforestation and plantings can restore the area to a semblance of its original natural appearance, and can serve to mask the presence of buildings and other structures. For example, Figures 8.2 and 8.3 show the Ahuachapán geothermal facility in El Salvador, soon after commissioning around 1977 (DiPippo, 1978), and then after regrowth of trees and vegetation in 2005 (LaGeo, 2005).PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
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