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816 8.3.3 Possible sequestration of carbon dioxide 8.3 Environmental Attributes of EGS Power Projects Chapter 8 Environmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria 8.3.1 No greenhouse gas emissions during operations 8.3.2 Modest use of land pollution, and the size of the waste heat rejection system for a 100 MW geothermal plant will be about the same as for a 500 MW gas turbine combined cycle (DiPippo, 1991a). Therefore, cooling towers or aircooled condensers are much larger than those in conventional power plants of the same electric power rating. The power conversion systems for EGS plants will be subject to the same laws of thermodynamics as other geothermal plants, but if higher temperature fluids can be generated, this waste heat problem will be proportionally mitigated. Geothermal power plants built on EGS reservoirs and using “closedloop” cycles will emit no carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the principal greenhouse gases (GHGs) implicated in global warming. Although not currently a signatory to the Kyoto agreement, the United States may find itself forced to address this problem soon. A decision by the U.S. Supreme Court is expected by June 2007, which could lead to a new posture by the government on CO2 emissions. If a “carbon tax” were to be implemented, the cost to generate a kilowatthour of electricity from fossilfueled plants would increase relative to other lesspolluting technologies. EGS plants would not be penalized and could gain an economic advantage over all plants using carbonbased fuels. If a program of “carbon credits” were to be established, EGS plants would gain an additional revenue stream by selling such credits on the carboncredit trading market. In comparison with fossilfueled, nuclear, or solarelectric power plants, EGS plants require much less land area per MW installed or per MWh delivered. In fact, the land required is not completely occupied by the plant and the wells, and can be used, for example, for farming and cattleraising. The practice of directionally drilling multiple wells from a few well pads will keep the land use to a minimum. Furthermore, because EGS plants are not necessarily tied to hydrothermal areas, it may be possible to site them within populated and industrial districts, a clear advantage over fossil or nuclear plants. Although not analyzed in this assessment, a proposal has been put forth to use CO2 as the EGS reservoir heattransfer fluid. Brown (2000) has developed a conceptual model for such a system based on the Fenton Hill Hot Dry Rock reservoir. The argument is made that CO2 holds certain thermodynamic advantages over water in EGS applications. Based on the case study in his paper, a single EGS reservoir having a pore space of 0.5 km3 could hold in circulation some 260 x 109 kg of CO2, the equivalent of 70 years of CO2 emissions from a 500 MW coal power plant having a capacity factor of 85%. EGS plants then could conceivably play a valuable symbiotic role in controlling CO2 emissions while allowing the exploitation of the abundant supply of coal in the United States without contributing CO2 to the atmosphere.PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
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