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210 2.2.3 Thermal conductivity Chapter 2 Geothermal ResourceBase Assessment many places, because many of these measurements are at 4 to 6 km depths. This additional data improves the definition of areas that qualify for further EGS evaluation. For the calculations of temperature at depth, the vertical thermal conductivity is sorted by depth into either one or two layers. The twolayer model for some of the areas is based on the effect of reduction of porosity and mineralogical changes in lowconductivity shale and in volcanic rock at temperatures above 6080°C. A value of thermal conductivity of 2.6 W/m/K was assumed for the basement rocks. This value was based on the median of the values for basement rocks from the regional heatflow database. For some of the sedimentary basins, an upper layer of lower thermal conductivity is assumed to overlie the 2.6 W/m/K value used for the deeper sedimentary rocks and the underlying basement. A histogram of thermal conductivity for the wells in the regional heatflow data set is shown in Figure 2.4. There is a peak in the distribution of thermal conductivity values at about 1.4 W/m/K. These low conductivity values are characteristic of lithologies such as volcanic rock, shale, and unconsolidated valley fill. A value of 1.4 W/m/K was assumed for the Basin and Range valley fill and other high porosity rocks where no measurements were available. There is another smaller peak in the distribution between 2.03.0 W/m/K. Rocks in the > 2.2 W/m/K category are generally lowporosity sedimentary rocks and basement lithologies (granite, metamorphic rocks, carbonates, sandstone, etc.). The value of 2.6 W/m/K was used as the crustal value – instead of the 2.83.0 W/m/K peak – to partly take into account the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity, which ranges from 5% to 10% per 100°C change in temperature. Regional values of thermal conductivity in the upper 2 to 4 km are based on generalized rock distributions. The peak at 1.4 W/m/K is related to the thermal conductivity of Late Cenozoic basin fill in the Great Basin. Parts of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Basin were assigned values of thermal conductivity of 2.0 W/m/K to a depth of 2 km, to approximate a mean of basement, volcanic, and Cenozoic rift basin lithologies. In the areas of the Salton Sea/Imperial Valley and the Los Angeles Basin, the upper 2 km of section was also assigned a thermal conductivity value of 2.0 W/m/K. Thus, the vertical thermalconductivity distribution in sedimentary and volcanic sections is considered only on a semiregional scale. There are lateral variations of almost 100% in the mean thermal conductivity within the sedimentary section. Therefore, detailed studies are necessary to identify the most favorable locations from the point of view of temperature and lithology. The highest thermalconductivity values (> 3.4 W/m/K for relatively thick intervals on a regional basis) are associated with areas where Paleozoic carbonates and evaporates dominate the section such as in the Michigan, Illinois, Anadarko, and Delaware Basin regions. These areas were assigned the 2.6 W/m/K value starting at zero depth. Lower thermal conductivity values (< 2.0 W/m/K on a regional basis) are in areas where a significant part of the upper section is shale, such as in the Great Plains (Williston Basin, Cretaceous shales, Anadarko Basin, Paleozoic shales) and possibly in the northern Allegheny area (Paleozoic shales). Typical thermalconductivity values for the different lithologies, based on measurements in the Midcontinent region, are given by Blackwell and Steele (1989), Gallardo and Blackwell (1999), Carter et al. (1998), Gosnold (1990), and Speece et al. (1985), for example.PDF Image | Geothermal Resource Base Assessment
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