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2.2.5 Ground surface temperature Chapter 2 Geothermal ResourceBase Assessment 213 The ground surface temperature is shown in Figure 2.6. This temperature represents the lowest value of the average heat rejection temperature possible for any energyconversion scheme. The values are from measurements of temperature in shallow groundwater wells (Gass, 1982). These temperatures can be used as shown in Figure 2.3 to calculate maximum attainable temperature differences, which can then be used to calculate the thermal energy content of a rock volume for any U.S. region (difference of the rock temperature at depth and the average surface temperature). 2 Mantle Heat Flow 60 mW/m Figure 2.6 Map of surface temperature (colors, Gass, 1982) and generalized mantle heat flow for the 2 conterminous United States (dotted area inside heavy black line is greater than 60 mW/m , the remainder 2.2.6 Tectonic and radioactive components of heat flow of the area is 30 mWm2). 4°C6°C8°C 10°C 12°C 14°C 16°C 18°C 20°C 22°C 24°C 26°C The heat flow at the surface is composed of two main components that may, of course, be perturbed by local effects, i.e., the heat generated by radioactive elements in the crust and the tectonic component of heat flow that comes from the interior of the Earth (referred to here as the mantle heat flow). The radioactive component varies from 0 to more than 100 mW/m2, with a typical value of about 25 mW/m2. The characteristic depth of the radioelements (U, Th, and K) in the crust averages about 10 km (Roy et al., 1972), so that most of the variation in heat flow from radioactivity is above that depth. This component can be large and is locally variable, and, thus, there can be areas of high heat flow even in areas that are considered stable continent. For example, in the White Mountains in New Hampshire, the heat flow is as high as 100 mW/m2, because of the extreme natural radioactivity of the granite (BirchPDF Image | Geothermal Resource Base Assessment
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