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222 Chapter 2 Geothermal ResourceBase Assessment 2.3.4 Crustal permeability Crustal permeability is a difficult parameter to characterize. Permeability may be in the form of pore space in a sedimentary rock, such as in a sand, or as fractures in any type of rock strong enough to fracture. In general, permeability will decrease with depth. In sedimentary rocks, there is typically a relatively regular decrease due to compaction and diagenesis as depth and temperature increase. In basement rocks and deep sedimentary rocks, the primary permeability and porosity are related to the fracture and stress regime. General controls on and permeability of the crust have been discussed by Brace (1984), Davis (1981), Black (1987), among others. Ingebritsen and Manning (1999) have summarized a generalized distribution of crustal permeability as shown in Figure 2.10a. In the upper par0t of the crust, there is more than 8 orders of magnitude of permeability variation. However, by d5epths of 5 km, the variation is down to about 5 orders; and by 10 km, the range is closer to 2 orders of magnitude. Modeling of largescale crustal fluid flow indicates a significant regime change over the permeability range of 1017 to 1015 m2. At the smaller value, the crust is basically impermeable; while, at the larger value, largescale fluid flow is possible with significant reconfiguration of the heat transfer and crustal temperatures (Wisian and Blackwell, 2004). Apparently, general largescale crustal permeabilities are less than 1016 m2 in most areas, as evidenced by the lack of hot springs over large areas of the United States. Permeability vs. depth plots for the Pierre Shale of the midcontinent, and clastic sediments in the Uinta Basin are shown in Figure 2.10b (Bredehoeft et al., 1994). These measurements show that the Pierre Shale is essentially impermeable. In the case of the clastic sediments of the Uinta Basin, a “tight gas sand” area, the variation is from low to moderate permeability. 10 15 20 25 30 Thermal models 35 Log permeability (m ) Figure 2.10a Permeability as a function of depth in continental crust (Ingebritsen and Manning, 1999). logk=-14 –3.2logz Metamorphic rocks -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 As a result of the range of variation and the uncertain controls on the type and nature of permeability, it is generally thought that most deep, hot regions of the crust away from tectonic activity will require extensive characterization and subsequent engineering of a reservoir to be produced. Existing and past studies of such situations are summarized in Chapter 4. This need to understand the rock characteristics and conditions is a major reason that areas of deep drilling for gas production may be the least expensive locations for initial EGS development. 2 Depth (km)PDF Image | Geothermal Resource Base Assessment
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