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226 Chapter 2 Geothermal ResourceBase Assessment 2.4 EGS Potential of Alaska 2.4.1 Volcano systems There are all varieties of geothermal resources in Alaska. However, there is almost no information on the thermal regime except in very localized areas. Also, there is only a need for electrical generation development in localized areas, so for Alaska the questions are, first, how closely collocated are the resources with the demand; and, second, are there resources large enough to trigger new local development. The limited data available are shown in Figure 2.12 as a contour map of heat flow. Also included on the plot are the locations of volcanoes and hot springs. The EGS resource was estimated as in the case of the conterminous U.S. area described above. A thermal conductivity of 2.7 W/m/K was assumed everywhere, and the surface temperature was assumed to be 0°C. The heat content is shown in Table A.2.1 under column AK. This heat has not been added to the other U.S. values, however. The assessment of temperature at depth is diagrammatic only, because of the lack of data and the lack of collocation of information and electrical power need. There are possible conventional geothermal developments at several of the warm springs in central Alaska because of collocation situations. There is an active project at Chena Hot Springs near Fairbanks to develop 500 kW of power from a 165°F resource using binary powergeneration equipment (Brasz and Holdmann, 2005). The first 250 kW unit went online in August 2006. Coproduced fluids in the Cook Inlet gas developments (Shurr and Ridgley, 2002) are a possible future development scenario, but this area is part of the outer arc low heatflow regime, and temperatures there are not particularly high. Electricity prices are high in Alaska, particularly in remote areas with only dieselgenerating systems, typically greater than 25¢/kWh. In the longer term, electricity prices will depend partly on the future of oil and gas development on the North Slope, and on the location of a gas pipeline, if one is built. As a result of these and other factors, any longterm geothermal development scenario at this time is speculative. However, more than 40 volcanoes have been historically active, indicating there must be significant heat in a number of areas in Alaska. There are several of these volcanic centers relatively near the population center of Anchorage. Mt. Spurr and Mt. Dedoubt are close enough that geothermal power developed there might be transmitted to the load centers near Anchorage. The Wrangle Mountains are a huge volcanic complex almost certainly with associated geothermal systems. However, as a national park, geothermal energy recovery may not be possible, even if viable resources exist. Smith and Shaw (1979) evaluated the igneous systems in Alaska for the 1978 resource assessment. They examined 27 volcanoes and estimated a resource base of about 2.5 x 1012 MWh for that set of sites. This estimate is certainly minimal, because there are more than 70 volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years along the Aleutian chain (www.UnivAlaska.edu). This is recent enough that there is a significant possibility that there is still heat associated with these areas. Very highgrade EGS involving reservoir temperatures and pressures in the supercritical region (T > 374°C and P > 220 bar) are possible in Alaska, because of the many active volcanoes that are present along the Aleutian Island arc. If each one had a supercritical system associated with it, the resource could be quite large. The viability of such geothermal development has not been proven, but is under active research in Iceland (Valgardur, 2000; and Fridleifsson and Elders, 2004). The powerPDF Image | Geothermal Resource Base Assessment
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